Productivity Rate Of Roof Works For Project Scheduling Construction Essay

Productivity Rate Of Roof Works For Project computer programing Construction EssayAbstract In Malaysia, at that place is no seek done specific howevery on collecting social organization amentaceousness entropy to serve as a rule of thumb and modulars for use by all in all players in the facial expression exertion. Similar to JKR, as the largest implementers of government confinements, the current coif on approval the schedule of industrial plant that submitted by affirmers be broadly speaking establish on the engineers gut feeling/ credence and past sleep with. on that point is no standard procedure and guidelines to review and checking the duration and resources allocation in from each one activity in contractile organs work program. As an effort, this instruction testament start with focusing on the identification of federal successionnts that influencing cover deeds productiveness in locution project. Those factors keister be obtained with a seria l of statistical analysis based on the entropy collected from questionnaire and converse with the experts. Data from previous projects also very important in invest to cross the actual productiveness place for hood whole kit and boodle. Finally, the expected purpose for this prove exit be a) List of factors that influence the productiveness number for hood flora, b) The comminuted factors poignant close to to productiveness ramble for covering works, c) A metrics of productiveness step for roof works as a standard and guideline for improving JKR projects programming.1.0 INTRODUCTIONManaging face projects unceasingly requires constant monitoring of project performance and the updating on project schedule. Project performance info and productivity data from the gimmick surface bea is a key role in evaluating and predicting project performance in term of cost and schedule. According to Motwani et al. (1995), the productivity in construction has always bee n very difficult to aim and control. Even though, productivity in construction hard to measure, in that respect is a need to use it for metrely decisions and get over the negative impacts on cost and schedule. Therefore, the integration of historical productivity data with the on-going performance data in construction field ar unavoidable (Hwang and Liu, 2005).Hwang and Liu, (2009) presented that an accurate productivity prediction is important for managing construction projects. In fact, a construction project is commonly to be successful when it is reverting within its figure and timeline. The planning and control process also explains the importance of accurate productivity estimate which first, estimating time and cost of construction activities that inevitably requires productivity estimates (Hinze, 1998), and second, compound management of time and cost must(prenominal) involved productivity factor (Dawood and Molson, 1997).There are most previous studies focusing o n be factors influence productivity and measuring limited reveals of activities at small take aim to investigate the relationship surrounded by factors and productivity. A standard construction productivity metric system that more unquestionable is a critical element in construction productivity performance evaluation and progress process. There need a tool to drive performance proceeds through internal and extraneous benchmarking. Park, et al., (2005) present that nowadays, demand from the construction pains on developing acceptable construction productivity metrics and regularize productivity data are the main issues to focus by the manufacturing players and researches.Problem StatementAs the main technical agencies for the Government of Malaysia, frequent Work Department (PWD) or Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) entrusted to implement development projects throughout the plain. It is the closing of JKR to project that the organization is run efficiently and effectively in s ay to achieve the vision, mission and objectives of the department. JKR is responsible to ensure that all the projects must be implemented well, complete on time, within the budget and provide tone products. In 9th Malayan Plan (RMK 9), most of JKR projects cannot be deliver on time. For example, about 41% of projects in JKR Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur cannot be delivering on time which is most of it are out-of-pocket to wrongly estimate the duration of the construction activities in project scheduling. It is also regarding to lack of competency of JKR officers in reviewing and giving advice to contractors curiously in preparing realistic projects work program. This problem can be categorise as serious matter and thrust high-pitched impact to the boilersuit performance of JKR due to unsatisfaction of client with JKRs reputation. As the biggest technical government agency, there should be a way to solve the problem so that it provide purify JKR image and give high reput ation to the clients.1 overshadow Student, Faculty of well-mannered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.2 Supervisor, Professor Dr, Lecturer of Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.There should be a standard productivity rate of each activity in the project in order to guide the contractor and the JKR supervision team to plan and implement the projects successfully. Therefore, the study on productivity rate of roof works for edifice project scheduling as an effort and starting point to develop the standard productivity rate of project activities for JKRs projects. In fact, this study is consistent with JKR strategies and action plan in achieving Effective Implementation of Malaysia 5 Years Plan especially to ensure that projects are implemented through appropriate implementation orderologies to meet node needs and outcomes. One of the action plans stated in JKR Strategic cloth is to establish effective project performance tracking system which is JKR must analyzing all data that related to the project in order to improve JKR project implementation (JKR, 2007).The ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to establish the productivity rate of roof works for JKR building projects scheduling. In order to achieve this, the interest are the objectives of the studyTo identify the factors that influence the productivity of roof worksTo establish the relationship between influence factors and productivity of roof worksTo develop a metrics of productivity rate for roof worksScope of StudyThere are certain limitations to be issue forth to ensure that this study is completed within the time frame given. Firstly, this study only takes into consideration on all projects which implement in substitution region of Peninsular Malaysia i.e. projects in JKR Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and JKR Selangor. Second, the sample for this study is concentrate only in school projects which are the most of JKR projects implementation in 9th Malaysian P lan. Since standard human body was using in school projects, the area of roof is fixed. This given the standardization to estimate the productivity rate for roofing works referring to the floor area involved.Roof trusses in construction projects can be categorise in timber roof trusses, hot rolled roof trusses, cold form roof trusses and etc. The third limitation of this study is only taking into consideration of the cold form roof trusses because most of the school projects are using this type of trusses. In addition, JKR already has a list of 22 names of cold form roof trusses suppliers which their design have been reviewed and approved by the JKR Structure Expert Division. This list is for the JKR officers in state and district office to choose for their projects especially school projects. Forth, part of roof covering for this study only take into consideration one(1) types which is cover roof tiles including insulations.2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWRecently, construction productivit y is on a long-term slide and it is recognized as industry challenge. System, people, materials, information and capacity must flow effectively and efficiently to produce its objective at high productivity to complete construction at lowest executable cost with possible shortest timeframe (Picard, 2005). Productivity is critically important in construction industry. Many researchers have uttered their concern over productivity in construction industry. Defining productivity is not a simple labour to everybody. Different people entrust give different comment and understanding. approximately of them agreed that marketable create was essentially the main measure used.increase productivity was a leading concern to all delegation stakeholders such(prenominal) as users, contractors, and construction task unions and led by the owner. The construction users exclamatory the need of collecting data directly relevant to productivity improvement. The Committee was concluded that the front-line construction foreman/supervisor would be a reliable source of information. These informants would be asked to provide their judgment of the sterling(prenominal) impediments to a productive construction project (Tucker, 2003).Definition of productivityWithin these several decades, legion(predicate) researchers have defined the productivity term in their studies in a number of ways. The term productivity has different meanings to different people. Many individuals mechanically think only of labor unions when the term productivity is mentioned. Others associate uppercase expenditures with the term. Each of these interpretations is only partly correct (Adrian, 1993). Many researchers have act to define precisely the meaning of productivity and below are some(a) of it that referred from their studiesOglesby et al. (1989), presented that productivity can be defined as in-place prize dissever by inputs. Some researchers have defined it as works-hours divided by the equival ent amount of work. In construction, productivity normally can be understood as work quantity divided by man-hours (or work-hours) consumed to contact the work.Productivity = Work Quantity Man-hoursAccording to Dolman, Parham, Zheng, (2007), productivity is a measure in order to know how much output is produced per unit of input.Diewert Lawrence, (2006) presented that productivity can be defined as the level of economic output per unit of input and also per worker. Productivity is important to the wealth and welfare of a nation and give efforts to improve productivity occur at all levels of society.Thomas and Mathew, (1986) presented that no standardized productivity definition had been naturalised in the construction industry. It is difficult to define a standard productivity measure because companies use their own systems which are not standardized. Association but illustrates the productivity between an output and an input. The form has been widely used and lively in lite rature over the years in construction industry is Productivity = Input/Output2.3 Measurement of productivityThere is careen surrounding productivity that rooted in the differences in data collection. It is due to incorrect in assuming productivity metrical uniformly and that all published productivity values have the same basis (Whiteside, 2006). boilers suit conception of productivity is difficult to express or to measure. It is sometimes expressed either in terms of output from labor or from go or from capital invested. These parts of expressions often do not give an accurate picture of the overall position. Although, there are quantitys of some or all of the inputs and outputs of the industry but they still failed to combine these measurements into any o.k. measure of efficiency. In fact, the ratio is easy to compute if the unit uses a single input to produce a single output (Choy, 2008).Although there are numbers of publications exist on construction productivity, there is no agreed upon definition of work activities nor a standard productivity measurement system. Most of researchers have concluded that it is difficult to obtain a standard method to measure construction labor productivity because of project complexness and unique characteristics of the construction projects (Oglesby et al. 1989). The uniqueness and non repetitive of operation in construction projects make it is difficult to develop a standard productivity definition and measure (Sweis, 2000).Factors influence productivity in constructionLim et al., (1995) has studied that factors modify productivity in the construction industry in Singapore, indicated the problems poignant productivity were difficulty with recruitment of supervisors, difficulty with recruitment of workers, high rate of labor turnover, absenteeism from the work site and communication problems with the foreign workers. Olomolaiye et al., (1996) also studied that factors affecting productivity of craftsmen in Indonesi a show the findings indicating craftsmen in this country spent 75 % of their time working productively. There are five specific productivity problems were identified such as lack of materials, rework, absenteeism, lack of equipment and tools.Kane et al., (cited in Herbsman et al., 1990) has classified the factors affecting construction productivity into two main themes which is technological factors and administrative factors. The technological factors involved those related to the design of the project and the administrative group factors are related to the management and construction of the project. Technological factors are comprises of sub-groups such as design factors, material factors and location factors. Administrative factors are comprises of sub-groups, such as construction methods and procedural factors, equipment factors, labor factors and social factors. Based on Heizer and Render (1990), they classified that factors influencing site productivity into 3 groups which ar e labour characteristic factors, project work conditions factors and non-productive activities. Olomolaiye et al., (1998) also stated that factors affecting construction productivity are rarely constant and may vary from country to country, from project to project and even within the same project which are depending on circumstances. They classified the factors influencing construction productivity into 2 categories which are external and internal. That means its representing those outside the control of the firms management and those originating within the firm. The external factors include the nature of the industry, construction client cognition of construction procedure, weather and level of economic development. The internal factors included management, technology, labor and labor unions.Choi, (2007), stated that based on his finding, weather and poor communication prove to be the greatest impediment to roofing productivity, whereas the field workers pointed out that roof pitch , height and age of the roof along weather were major causes for lack of productivity in their job at site. He also stressed that roofing contractor generally not consider safety as a high priority in their business.Metrics an overviewAccording to Melnyk et al., (2004), they stated that metrics are fulfill with the fundamental activities measuring (evaluating how we are doing), educating (communicating what is important and how we intend to deliver value to our customers) and directing (flagging potential problems by size of gap between the metrics and standards). Ideally, metrics are consistent with the way operation delivers value to the customers. Based on Melnyk et al., (2005), they presented that metric is a verifiable measure which consists of third elements such as a) the specific measure, b) the standard (the numerical values that identifies the minimal threshold of performance, and c) the environment which the activity or person being measured operates.RESEARCH METHODOLO GYIn order to achieve the objectives, Figure 1.1 illustrated the ceremonious of research methodology for this study. Generally, it consists of four distinct legs, which are phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 and phase 4.3.1 conformation 1Selection of the guinea pig has been done after gone through JKR listing of significance topics that can contribute to department as a whole. Topic of the study and proposed productivity rate of roof works is important to JKR building project scheduling to ensure all project can be completed on time with good quality. Based on previous researchers, there are several measurements on productivity rate in construction. This study will be focusing on the identification of factors that influencing roofing works productivity in JKR projects. From this scenario, the objectives of this study has been identified which are identifying of factors influence, the relationship and the establishing productivity rate of roof works. In such way, the focus of this topic m ust be in line with study limitation.In order to strengthen knowledge and ideas in this research area, extensive reading from journals and books must be good done. Besides that, preliminary site observation has been conducted to the selected site. Furthermore, the preliminary interview was conducted to get overview information about productivity rate of roof works. Due to time constraint, the observation has been done only for school projects.3.2 chassis 2A few samples of studies will be identifying purposely for running through the method of productivity measurement for getting accurate and practical data. Observation on quantity of roof works per man hours should be performing at site. During observation at site, interview with the expert is use as a tool to collect information data on how the productivity rate of roof works can be estimate and what are the factors influences the productivity rateSeveral interviewees will be selected based on devising and experienced more than 1 0 years especially contractors and suppliers. Beside that, questionnaire will be distributed to technical person such as supervisor, engineer, manager and contractors to obtain their opinion in term of productivity rate of roof works.3.3 Phase 3In this stage, all the data from the questionnaires and interviews will compile. The data will be analyze accordingly and transform into productivity rate. Data analyzing, there will be a confirmation on what are the factors influence productivity rate of roof works will be getting through data analyzing, while standard productivity rate metrics of roof works will be producing after transform all the data into productivity rate by using appropriate statistical analysis.3.4 Phase 4Extract from data obtained in Phase 3, some scheme or recommendation will be highlighted in order to compound a metrics of standard productivity rate for future building project scheduling.EXPECTED RESULTSThe expected results of this study in close semester area) L ist of factors that influence the productivity rate for roof works,b) The critical factors affecting most to productivity rate for roofing works,c) A metrics of productivity rate for roof works as a standard and guideline for improving JKR projects scheduling.Selection of TopicIdentify the Objective and ScopePhase 1 earlier Site ObservationLiterature ReviewPreliminary InterviewObjective.(c)Objective.(b)Objective.(a)Case StudiesIdentify the factors influenceObservation on quantity of works/ man hoursDATA COLLECTIONInterview with ExpertsSelecting several experts with experience more than 10 yearsPhase 2DATA compendiumFigure 1.1 Schematic of Research MethodologyTENTATIVE SCHEDULEThe pastime table is the tentative schedule for final project in next semester