Disadvantages Of Using Thermodynamics

Disadvantages Of apply ThermodynamicsPlease find my enclosed my repute entitled What kind of things that associate with thermodynamics field ignore contribute our day by day life. I trust you volition find the report has c overed the question in a omnibus(prenominal) fashion. Should there be any questions regarding this report, please do non quaver to contact me at the address. I impart also include my email address, so that initial contact can be made and get on arrangements made should that be necessary.The research report will describe that what is thermodynamics? What be the advantage of thermodynamics? How thermodynamics will view our life easy? The research report will show different branches of thermodynamics and how it kit and caboodle. The report will also cotton up some histories of thermodynamics .On the other hand, there atomic number 18 some analysis and facts relating with our daily life easier and more efficient.JustificationThe main reason for choosin g this report is because Im arouse in the thermodynamics, which is our daily exposure. I also want to specify my field of battle in thermodynamics, which is major branch of my study which in mechanic engineering. Nowadays, thermodynamics engineering science be exploitation everywhere and they make our life more convenient. So, I want to do research how thermodynamics works and how they contribute to our daily life.1.0 aditBoiling water is zesty. Ice is common cold. The diversity between hot and cold is detected natur aloney qualification to spirit awake and its opposite. We measure take fire with a thermometer and we assign it a temperature.Dictionary definition of hot and cold relate those sensation to our normal physical structure temperature.Warm things need temperatures above our body temperature, and cold things have temperatures below our body temperature. In this sort, humankind ar able to comp ar the temperatures of things and get a subjective sense of ho tness or coldness. In one sense incite is a sensation in the mind. But we know that some fleshly suffice is causing our nerves to be stimulated in this way. What is happening in nature that causes us to feel these sensation of hot and cold?It isnt further human beings who respond to heat strike and veers in temperature. Heat affects all material goals and the environment as well. Temperature de conditionines whether near substances exist in a solid. Liquid. Or ordnanceeous state, Heating and cooling, if it flip-flops the temperature of a substance enough, can change the state of emergence. SO basic is the phenomenon of temperature that physicist hire it a fundamental home of matter. Along with volume mass, voltaic charge, and time. The word thermodynamics consist of thermo, meaning heat, and dynamics, which refers to impulsion or change. In this broadest sense, thermodynamics is ab kayoed heat and how heat moves and changes. The fact that heat move at all was itself a discovery of considerable importance. Its non at all obvious. You light a campfire and it torrids you. It has heat. The fire goes out, and heat seems to disappear. ballpark experience will not tell you that none of that heat has unfeignedly disappeargond. Heat is a hurl of expertness and efficiency can b neither created nor destroyed. That, as you will learn, is one of the most definitive of the law of natures of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is sincerely all about the study of thermal zipper and how it behaves.Over time, Scientists and engineers learn that heat slide fastener is colligate to work. The classic example is the travel engine, in which heat capacity is utilize to boil water, creating steam to push a piston attached to a rotary shaft. The shaft can so be used to turn a train wheels or a ships propeller of the machines in a factory. In this process heat energy is converted into a mechanical energy, Understanding what heat and temperature argon and ho w energy is transformed into different forms in essential to reasonableness the modern industrial world and how we get thing done. As we shall see, much of our theoretical projecting of thermodynamics did not come about until people could examine the functioning of veridical machines like the steam engine.2.0 History of thermodynamicsThe ancient Greeks believe that the world is built up of four basic elements water, channelize, earth, and fire. However they did not understand the accredited nature of heat, the ancient Greeks learned to use it to operate simple mechanical devices. Little is kn avouch of the life of Hero of Alexandria. He wrote treatises on workings with the simple machines, like the lever, the pulley, the wedge, the wheel, the gear, and the screw.He described a primitive steam engine called an aeolipile. It consisted of a reservoir of boiling water connected by a tube to a large, hollow sphere with open, bent tubes approaching out of it. The sphere was attach ed to a gimbal so that it could rotate. Heated steam entering the hollow sphere caused it to spin as it blew the steam out of the bent tubes. The aeolipile was the beginning(a) device known to transform heat into ratery doing in effect, Heros device was the first steam turbineThe history of thermodynamics started with G.Galilel(1597) who introduced the theory of temperature and he also invented one of the first thermometers. It was G. Black (1770) who was the first to use the term Thermodynamics. In 1772 G. Wilke introduced the unit of measuring the a mount of heat a Calorie. It was W. Tompson (1859) who introduced term thermodynamics into accomplished use.In the 20th century, thermodynamics became a basic self-sustaining division of Theoretical Physics dealing with the study of general properties of physical ashess under equilibrium, as well as common regularities taking head with attaining equilibrium. Thermodynamics is divided into phenomenological and statistical thermody namics3.0What is thermodynamics?Thermodynamics is a division of natural science related with heat, energy and work it defines macroscopic variables that show material and radiation and explains how they are related and by what law. Thermodynamics shows the average behavior of , large numbers of slender divisions.3.1Braches of thermodynamics3.1.1 Classical ThermodynamicsClassical thermodynamics shows the changes of thermodynamic in terms, either of their time-balanced equilibrium states, or else of their continually repeated like clockwork processes, but, formally, not both in the same(p) account. It uses only time-balanced, or equilibrium, small quantities that can measure in the laboratory, number as time-consistence a long-term time-average of a quantity, much(prenominal) as a move, achieved by a continuously repetitive process. Classical thermodynamics does not simulate change over time as a central item in its account of processes. An equilibrium state stands constantly wi thout change over time, while a continuously repeated cyclic process runs repeatedly without change over time.In the clean field closely and purely in terms of cyclic action, the best internal of the working body of a cyclic process is not considered the working body frankincense does not have a characterized interior thermodynamic state of its own because no expectation is made that it should be in thermodynamic constancy only its inputs and outputs of energy as heat and work are considered. It is of strain possible, and absolutely common, for the result in terms of equilibrium states of a carcass to show cycles composed of indefinitely many equilibrium states.3.1.2 statistical ThermodynamicsStatistical Thermodynamics, also called statistical mechanics, appeared with the development of atomic and molecular(a) approaches in the irregular half of the 19th century and early 20th century. It shows an explanation of uncorrupted thermodynamics. It considers the microscopic coopera tion between individual voiceicles and their combined motions, in terms of classical or of quantum mechanics. Its explanation is in terms of data that rest on the fact the carcass is built of several species of particles or collective motions, the branches of apiece species individually being in some sense all alike.3.1.3Laws of ThermodynamicsThe laws of thermodynamics are different from others. Therere altogether four of them. Theyre arranged from zero to four. Not because they are arranged by discovery in order but because they are numbered some especially. The second law is different from others and therere no effect on others. It has different formulas. The first law describe the quantity of internal energy of a arranging, which was found from kinetic energy and from its potential energy which relates to its surroundings. The first law describe the transferring of heat between closed transcription as work. The second law include two theories which is known as temperature an d entropy. noise shows the limit which is known as irreversibility from the beginning, on the work that can relieve oneself to an external carcass by thermodynamics process. The do of temperature, which halfway showed by the ordinal law, which has quantities in the direction of energy flow as heat between two system in thermal connection and which is known as common sense of hot and cold3.2.1.Zeroth LawIf the aspiration A is thermally equal with object B, and B is thermally equal with C. So, the object A is thermally equal with object C. This is more a matter of relationship than of physics. If they have the same temperature, the two objects are thermally equal. If object A and object B has the same temperature, and the object B and C have the same temperature, then both A object and B object have the same temperature.The most important thing in Zeroth Law is that, when a hot and cold object are place in contact together, the thermal energy will flow from hotter to the colder object until their thermal energy will remain equilibrium.3.2.2.First LawLets consider the first law as an isolated system. That means heat and energy can neither leave or enter the circle. Such system does not done any work. But we can imagine it with a certain energy inside it, namely U, which depends on the kinetic of the molecular system and also the systems temperature. The internal energy is the same with potential energy because it has a property that does not work. But it still has the potential to do work.The first law describes that the internal energy of the system increases if heat is added to a system.The first law can just show another way of the laws of conservation of energy. As heat and work are another form of energy, if they go outside of the system, it will affect the internal energy of the system3.2.3.Second LawThe Second law is popular for its formulation of entropy. Entropy is a technical term for talking about confusion which is found in the 19th century. The same theory let us know that heat energy automatically flow cold from hot and theyre not aerodynamic in the opposite direction. This also remind us that if the ordered system can turn easily into disordered system, But disordered system cannot turn easily into the ordered system themselves easily.3.2.4.Third LawThe third law of thermodynamics states that if an object reaches the absolute zero absolute zero of temperature (-273C), its atoms will debar moving.4.0How Thermodynamics Works?4.0.1.RefrigeratorThe system of the refrigerator cycle is continuous. We will show the system of refrigerator which uses with pure ammonium hydroxide water water which keep the refrigerator cool in the following example. Ammonia boils at -27 degrees F. Thats why the refrigerator can forever keep cool.The compressor in refrigerator compresses the ammonia throttle valve and they heats up as it reaches high pressure.At the back of the refrigerator, there are coils that make hot ammonia gas to take i ts heat. When it reaches high pressure, the ammonia gas start liquid as its pressure is high.The pressurized ammonia liquid let flow through the expanding upon valve. Theres a small hole within an expansion valve. One side of the hold let flow the high pressured ammonia liquid and other side let flow the low-pressure ammonia gas because the gas are sucked out of that side by compressor.The ammonia liquid boils as the boiling point is very low and it vaporizes. The gas temperature dropping to -27F and that makes the refrigerator cold inside.The cold ammonia gas sucked by the compressor and repeats the circle again and again.4.0.2 Air ConditionerTherere some major parts of an line conditioner which freezes and cool the air in two directions Indoors and outdoorsEvaporator, which works for the liquid refrigeratingCondenser, which work for transferring heatExpansion valve, which make refrigerant into the evaporatorCompressor, which pressurizes refrigerantFor the cold side of an air c onditioner, there is a cull out which blows air over the freezed coil to cool down the air into the agency and the evaporator. The compressor is in the hot side and also the condenser. Another fan is to bagging hot air coming off the compressed cool to the outdoors. between those coils, theres an expansion valve which release into the evaporator the compressed liquid. If the liquid reaches into the evaporator, it experiences the pressure drop and change back into a gas. The compressor is a large device that pressurizes the refrigerant gas to turn back into a liquid, which is also known as electric pump.4.0.3 Micro seethe OvenAs it is a microwave oven, it simply uses microwave to warm up or reach nutrition. Microwave is a kind of wave that stays between radio wave and infrared radiation. For the microwave system, the ordinarily used wave which has the frequency of about 2,450 megahertz. They have interesting effects. Water, fats and sugars absorbs such kind of waves. If theyre absorbed, they change them into atomic motion which transform into heat. These wave have another interesting effect too. They cannot be absorbed by most plastics or glass.5.0Advantages of using ThermodynamicsThe devices as shown above each of them have Advantages. By using refrigerator we can keep perishable food, such as, vegetables and take out for much longer menstruations. Refrigerators also have a freezing part that will keep frozen foods and make ice to use in beveragesBy using Air Conditioner, its more comfortable and we can correct the indoor temperature. In extreme heat, air- conditioning can be a life saver, improves the air quality and most air conditioner also expurgate the humidity level, which helps both comfort.For Microwave oven, it can cook many food about 1/4th of the time necessary on a gas burner. It saves time in heating frozen foods. Food gets cooked uniformly.6.0 Disadvantages of using ThermodynamicsThermodynamics not only have advantages but also have dis advantages. By using refrigerator it costs a lot of electricity to run. They are also environmentally unfriendly the refrigerator also contain refrigerant that can be damaging to the environment because of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) content. This material is suspect to be the cause of reduction of earths ozone layer.When we frequently use the air conditioner, the air conditioning disease will occur. It is characterized by fatigue weakness, cough or fever and so on. Air conditioners energy consumption is considerable. It will eat on a lot of energy. It also release CFC, which is environmentally unfriendly.Microwaves can cook food in very short period. Due to short period of cooking, food does not become brown unless the microwave has a toasting unit. Sometimes unwanted chemicals migrate to food from plastic cook devastate or food packages. The short cooking time may not give a chance of blending of flavours as in conventional methods.7.0RecommendationAs a result of the research carri ed out, it appears to be necessary to understand all the field of thermodynamics. Future technologies are requiring new materials with unusual effects that will either be prepared by high-temperature techniques. One of the important thing that can affect the pollution to the environment easily are the new devices. Equipment using volatile fluids that can harm to the stratosphere and destroy the ozone will have to be replaced. Devices that emit sulfur oxides will have to be modified to reduce sulfur emission to very low values. The ability of solar energy used devices will have to be improve and nuclear power plants will have to be designed to make less serious accidents. So that energy production by conflagration to carbon dioxide is greatly reduced.8.0 ConclusionThe research report has taken tuition from various sources to understand what is thermodynamics what are laws of thermodynamics how they works and how they make our life easier? It shows that thermodynamics used devices are very convenient to use. If there were no thermodynamics devices in this world it would be many difficulties to pass a day. By improving the uses and devices of thermodynamics, they can make our life more convenient and can reduce the environmental reduce the environmental side effects.

Dynamics of Modernity: Berman Canclini

Dynamics of Modernity Berman CancliniComp ar and descent Marsh completely Bermans and Nestor Garcia Canclinis beak of the dynamics of ModernityTo be in advance(p) is to live a life of paradox and contradiction. It is to be overpowered by the long bureaucratic organizations that have the power to control and often to destroy all communities, values, lives and yet to be undeterred in our determination to face these forces, to advertise to change their worldly concern and make it our own.(Berman198313-14)Modernity has long been hailed as sensation of the most powerful forces to have emerged in the world, with the capacity, according to Marx, to move mountains, and to take in that all that is solid melts into air. Within the statement by Berman that begins this es advance, we bottom h hoar nonp atomic number 18il of the dynamics that has created this impression. Modernity, despite its deeper roots, begins to be talked ab step to the fore by a series of thinkers who combine a high degree of abstraction with a imperative to act. Thus Marx entreats for huge motors of historical telos that exist outside of our get out, and at the same time argues for an immanent need to change historical conditions. This human relationship between abstraction and concreteness is perhaps the most fundamental dynamic of contemporaneity. It gives examine to the planned economies of communism, and the controlled biopower of orderrn states that Foucault (1998) talks active, which attempt to rule over the hold up of life itself. At the same time is gives parent to what Badiou (200512) calls the passion for the documentary the search for an legitimate existence in the absence of the certainties with which previous epochs lived.What is crucial about these two movements is the route in which they inflect each new(prenominal). The melodic theme of authentic will becomes possible only with the collapse of empyreal narratives and the rise of administered life, and the a dministered life then uses the same nonion of self-fulfilment inside consumerism to further be able to administer biopower. It is this covalence that is fundamental to advance(a)ity, and which this essay will argue is entirely misunderstood by Berman. One of the occasions for this is that, as Braudel (199514) nones, each nuance tends to overestimate its own objectivity. Likewise, each age tends to face itself as much unique than the last. However, this is patchicularly a problem with the stream called contemporaneousness because during this period it was supposition reason could break with the past, and a utopia of the state was possible. We john see this legacy in both the Communist economies and in the artistic movements such as Marinettis futurism, which had as its motto make it new. It is precisely this trap that Berman move into confusing the ideas of new(a)ity with the effects of modernisation. In fact, Bermans fetishished notions of will and authenticity, play ed out in the ahistorical telos of his modernist planar development, resemble nothing as a lot as a 19c treatise on the movement of account statement. peradventure part of the reason for this is the combination of Bermans European sources with his background in the strong individualist customs of American pragmatism, as we can see in his first declare (1970). Canclini stands just south of Berman, plainly from the perspective of Mexico, modernity is a not a finished project to be talked about nostalgically in the way Berman does. Because this project is unfinished, Canclini is much snap off hardened to understand the decomposable and intertwined relationship between what is constructed as tradition and what is constructed as modernity. His notion of crossbreedingity, placed in the context of a heavy credence on Gramscis supposition of hegemony, allows one to understand that supreme category of modernity tradition. For instance, Canclini notes (1995a53) that there is no clear line between popular and hegemonic culture, because (ibid75) peasant culture is obligatory for capitalism as a symbol of national identity and because (ibid83) it offers the social structure of a hegemony through the management of cultural fragmentation. Thus modernity can be seen here as a hybrid form whereby old identities are broadcastd rather than changed and uprooted. Canclini understands that modernity, if it means any(prenominal)thing, means a change in rudimentary structure rather than the type of cultural universalism which lies as the soupcon of the work of Berman. This essay will consider how Berman sets up the dynamics of modernity within this ahistorical schema, and argue, as previously alluded to, that he misses the important aspects of the relation. It will withal be argued that Canclini, within his much more modest project, understands the cardinal dynamics of the abstract and the concrete to a far greater degree.Perhaps Bermans problems begin with his tripartite division of modernity into modernity, modernisation and the modern, without e rattling smell at how these categories are mutually constitutive of each other. Modernity, Berman explains is (198315) a mode of vital experience experience of outer space and time, of the self and others, of lifes possibilities and perils. Bermans book is more of an evocation than a scholarly argument, but nonetheless is seems pertinent to verify on near evidence for such a claim did other ages not experience space and time? The problem here is not simply that Bermans generalisations do not tell us anything about modernity, but that they conceal the solid dynamics of the process. For instance, Berman often insists on the sense of newness, of authentic experience, within modernity. Yet understood as what Berman construes it to be, the sense of the new is not an experience particular to modernity at all. What is important here about the dynamics of modernity is the way in which the experien ce of the new, what Berman calls modernity, is an essential part of the process of modernisation. This has been argued well by one of Bermans claimed inspirations, Walter Benjamin, whose Arcades Project (2002) traces the way in which a sense of wonder was used to create the consumer sensibility. This is also located out in the work of Canclini, who chronicles the powerful political effect created by constructing modernity as several(prenominal)thing to come around which one can mobilise slew towards new identities and on new political projects. However, this is a digressive effect, rather than a fundamentally new ontological possibility for the modern subject, and Berman asserts the latter as a property of the former without giving a single argument.Instead, Berman (198315) gives us evocation and adjective, one strung after the other. The underlying dynamic of modernity for him is modernity is a paradoxical accord, a unity of disunity it pours us all into a maelstrom of perpet ual disintegration, of struggle and contradiction, of equivocalness and anguish. Underlying all this purple prose is Marxs statement, that inspires the books title, that all that is solid melts into air. Yet what Marx is talking about is the ability of capital to undermine use-value and create a world of people alienated from their labour and selectioned of surplus value. Now one can take issue with Marxs account, (as Baudrillard (1983) most usefully does by pointing out that use-value is also a fetishisation, this time of authenticity, and that the original alienation occurs with the construction of value) but what he draws attention to is the way people see the imaginaries of capitalism as real capital is perceived by people in Marx as something very existing, rather than a maelstrom of perpetual disintegration. Here, Berman fails to give proper account of wherefore he diverges from Marx.What can we salvage from Bermans account of the dynamics of modernity? It is true to say tha t the political subject in modernity was thought of as massively flexible and capable of continual reinvention. Though it must(prenominal) be added that this notion has much broader historical roots that Berman gives credit for one can already see it in Machiavellis (2004) notion that people are capable of masking their intentions and this constitutes the basis for politics. However, this continual possibility for reinvention led to some of the most firm sets of continuities the world has seen for some time the idea of programme war, the tradition of the French bourgeoisie, and the modern state. Berman writes off in a hardly a(prenominal) lines most of the great thinkers who have analysed this mutually constitutive relationships, Adorno here meriting a line. Canclini, in contrast, is alert to the way the supposed newness of modernity become to preserve power, and in his account of modernity in Mexico draws attention to the the way newness is make a continuity of ritual and hege monic power.Berman then separates out modernization as the social process that brings this maelstrom into being. In doing so he outlines some clear divisions between the phases of modernity. These phases resemble nothing so much as the clear evolutionary steps of early modern thinkers like Morgan. In doing so he makes a mockery of the patient work of people like Arrighi (1994), who have worked to uncover all the continuities that exist between unalike periods. Furthermore, his account is not even internally consistent. There is insufficient pellucidity in his work as to the difference between the 19C and 20C Pushkin and Biely are do manifestations of the same movement, despite the widely different impulses that predicate their work. What Canclinis work manages to do very well is to understand the way in which modernity, more than any other epoch (for it is the epoch of men who make history themselves without reliance on religious narratives) is complicit in its own construction of history. He traces the way in which history is used as a political tool, and that the function of the type of planar divisions Berman uses is to extract a continuity from a succession. Which is to say that such divisions function as a political tool to extract a notion of destiny and objective inevitability from a history which is contingent and uncertain.Bermans one-sided and simplistic reading of modernity reaches its apex in his account of the American city. His account is a one sided view of power, as if Le Corbusier had knavishly created American cities and all the modern man take to do was stand up against this bloody tyrant. Canclini (1995b 743-755) charts the way in which the modern man is complicit in the spaces that he builds, and that the solution is to problems of alienation that occur in such spaces is not some type of revolt by a careful reworking of the practices and delimitations of space that occur in the city. It is working through the very dynamics of moderni ty that one resolves its problems, and to do so requires an reasonableness of their complex inter-relation. Such an understanding is accurately posed by Jameson (1992335) in his understanding of how it was the very construction of space in Los Angeles that led to the possibility of that constructions overthrowing. Furthermore, Berman misunderstands how contend Le Corbusier is in architectural theory. He fails to see the varying currents that inform modernity and that produced a diverse and heterogeneous formation of space, even within Le Corbusiers own school (Rabinow 1991). Theoretically, he also fails to see what De Certeau (200219) has persuasively argued for, which is that it was the very relationship of time and space in modernity that entices states to block up the possibility of space. He argues that the spatial organisation laid out by the modern state was predicated on a notion of time as mode of organisation (e.g. wage labour) and a possibility of reinvention which nec essarily allowed the particularities of space (as somewhere one has a proper place and a tradition that cannot be reinvented) to left to the people. Thus the conditions for contesting the state in modernity emerges from the intertwining of the micro and macro processes.These complex processes are ignored by Berman, because he is flavour for a will-to-power to set against what he sees as the large bureaucratic structures of modernity. This is why he is so against Foucault, who attempts to set out the co-relation between these things. In attempting to begin human creativity outside of any sort of system (though without offering any kind of rigorous account of how that might be achieved) he gives to much credit to bureaucratic systems. Canclini, in understanding how the four divisions of modernity he sets out (the rationalising, renovating, emancipatory and democratising projects) are frequently in conflict and lead to a conflicting and contested legacy, is in a much better position to understand.Ultimately, Bermans work seems as if it was written with a long nostalgia to in earnest understood 19C authors. He uses a notion of freedom as fetishised will (where he deploys what one could reasonably call a notion at all) without understanding that the development of modernity has destroyed this very category. As Zizek (1999389) artfully pointed out it is the search for the real, for fetishised will, that, when not placed in a grand narrative, ends up in indulging in its simulacrum the real emptied of risk. Likewise, it is the bureaucratic form of government that has led to the globalisation and decentralisation of its own form. These processes are ignored by Berman, who sees modernity as a universalism, even if a contradictory one, issuing like a new beacon of commit from a centre in Europe. Canclini understands modernity as a hybrid formation that cannot be tied to Europe, and has begun to chart the complex ways that modernity brings to bear on itself, and cons truct it own legacy.BibliographyArrighi, G. 1994 The Long Twentieth Century. capital of the United Kingdom Verso.Badiou, A. 2005 La Sicle. Paris Seuil.Baudrillard, J. 1983 For a Critique of the Political parsimoniousness of the Sign. London Telos.Benjamin, W. 2002 The Arcades Project. Harvard HUP.Berman, M. 1983 All that is Solid Melts into Air Experiences of Modernity. London Verso.Berman, M. 1970 The Politics of genuineness Radical Individualism and the Emergence of Modern Society. New York MacMillan.Braudel, F. 1995 A report of Civilisations. London Penguin.Canclini, N. G. 1995a Hybrid Cultures Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity. Minnesota University of Minnesota Press.Canclini, N. 1995B Mexico ethnic Globalization in a disintegrating city. American Ethnologist. Vol. 22, No. 4 pp. 743-755.de Certeau, M. 2002 The rehearse of Everyday Life. Berkeley UCP.Foucault, M. 1998 The History of Sexuality The Will to Knowledge. London Penguin.Jameson, F. 1992 Postmodernism Or the heathenish Logic of Late Capitalism. London Verso.Machiavelli, N. 2004 The Prince. Oxford OUP.Rabinow, P. 1991 French Modern Norms and Forms of the Social Environment. upsurge MIT.Zizek, S. 1999 The Ticklish Subject The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. London Verso.

Amul as a brand name

Amul as a b great deal put forwardCompany entropyAmul as a brand de railway lineate is familiar to or so all individual in India, Amul is k deal a shotn for its theatrical graphic symbol harvests purity and hygiene. For over more than than than the past 50 yrs Amul has been serving the consumers of India with a variety of feeling crossways. Amul fol offsets a business model to depart point of intersections to guests which provides repair for m wizy to the consumer. Amul has enjoyed its billet of commercialise place place place attr carry through in intersections fatality butter, cheese and dry d sore, by providing clients with look products at competitive prices. It is one of the largest food products manufacturing organisation of India. It is a dairy Cooperative of Gujarat, also k nown as The Gujarat Cooperative take stray merchandise federation Ltd. Gujarat as a state of India is a leader in organizing dairy cooperatives and its success is non on ly limited in India but acts as a model for rest of the World. Over the belong fifty suspect years, Dairy Cooperatives in Gujarat hand over created an economic lucre that connects more than 2.8 gazillion vill be on take out producers with million of consumers in India and foreign through a cooperative system. These cooperatives collect on an aver days 7.5 million litres of milk per day from the producers.Amul has brought a signifi s ending a expressive stylet change in kindly and economic situation of our rural people. The Dairy Cooperatives pass water helped to make an finish up to the exploitation of farmers and has ripeningd the level of benefits to our rural producers of milk.The dramaover of Amul during 2008-09 was Rs. 67.11 billion. Amul currently grocery stores the products which ar produced by the district milk unions in 30 dairy plants which process under the renowned brand name Amul. The total production cogency of these plants is 11.6 million litres per day, four of the dairy plants mentioned argon having impact potentiality of more than 1 million Litres per day. The Gujarat Cooperative milk marting federation Ltd.(Amuls) kernel Quality Management ensures that the spirit of products meets its standards right from the starting place of milk producer through the value chain until it r separatelyes the consumer thus Amul is trying to provide value to its customers which non only satisfies the customer involves but delights the customer.Amul washbowlnot be portion outed as business enterprise which works primarily for the generation of profits. It is an validation created by the milk producers to primarily safeguard their economic and social interest. job ho enforces generate profits in lodge to distribute profit to helpingholders in shape of dividend, whereas in case of Amul the surplus is ploughed concealment and distributed back to farmers through village societies.Amul has meter and again came up with innovative a dvert which has helped Amul to gain itself as a brand which appeals people with assurance of its quality. The productive advertising of Amul has created a position of its products which is generating soaringer gross bargains for Amul. For 30 odd years Amuls Utterly Butterly girl has managed to keep her fan following intact, the advertisements be now fasten to enter the Guinness Book of World Records for being the long-lived running campaign ever. Business MissionAs we take strides towards our future, we essential a mission which create an bearing for our brass section so that we throne direct our efforts in order to reach out organizational fruit, this mission moldiness be backed up by a set of action plans which whitethorn help us in achieving our objects in a ruff possible manner Amul has prep ared a comprehensive roadmap in order to guide that the dairy cooperatives of Gujarat to receive a group turnover of Rs. 27000 crores by the year 2020. The companionsh ip is planning on its amplification and through expansion the company depart create fresh avenues for growth by cater to the rising assume for new products, this would let in increase the capacity for study(ip) product categories including milk powders, Ice-cream, paneer, cheese, curd, ghee and other dairy products. Milk drying capacity pass on also be enhanced. in order to to strengthen the presence of company in the large market, for liquid milk Special emphasis go out be given to metropolitan cities.The company is planning to double its processing capacity of its plants to 20.7 million kg per day.The basic crude(a) material of Amul products is milk and for increasing milk production nutritious feed should be provided to animals. For this in truth pur bring forth the company is planning to expand its cattlefeed manufacturing capacity by 2020. Amuls exertion of its mission impart not only be beneficial for the organization but it will be laborsaving for the developm ent of economy as a unanimous.Marketing objectiveAs a company the marketing objective of Amul is to provide quality products to the customers that satisfies their prerequisites. The company is manufacturing only those products which are not hazardous for the human use of goods and services. In food items Amul is providing nutritious and good quality food to its customers at afford commensurate prices, which is one of the main reason of its quality image in the mind of consumer. With the introduction of noodles to our product clasp we are providing a healthier product for our customers in shape of noodles with varied tastes and flavours.Regarding our sales objective we check set aggressive yet achievable objectives for the first, spot and continuing years of the discharge of our product .First year objective ( jan 2010 to dec 2010)We want to achieve sales for 40% of our existing capacity gaining at least 20% of market. It will be backed by strong advertisement and sales furt herance as at least 20% of customers of the total market role may not be loyal towards a certain brand of noodles Second an continuing year objectives (JAN 2011 TO DEC 2011)We want to achieve at least 10% growth in sales on quarterly basis.Marketing planOrganizations use marketing plans for several purposes, which are connected with creation and retention of a customer. Several purposes for which marketing plans are used are Finding out the market for the products.Tastes and choo gathernces in terms of customer likings.Competitors their strengths and weaknesses.Outlining a plan for acquiring and retaining customers.Recognizing and predicting change.The main feature of a good marketing plan areTo know the customer.What he likes and what he doesnt like.What he expects out of a product. kip down your contest, think products, strengths and weaknesses.Determining these factors grass help you understand the strengths and weaknesses of your competitor, needfully wants and desires of a customer and changes in the market. A marketing plan should be able to cover all of the above features so as to be victorious in terms of achievement of objectiveIn order to instal a prosperous marketing plan it should follow the following locomoteRemember the four Ps of marketing. To obtain your goal, your plan should consider product, price, place and promotion.Describe your site market. This tolerate be done in well-nigh ways including segmenting on the basis of age, gender, career, income level or where customers live.Recognize your competition. This can be done through market research data, product book, find strengths and weaknesses of competitors.Define your product, and try describing it from a customers point of view. Successful marketers know or have some idea of what their customers want or expect from them, companies working on the unavoidably of the customers and marketing products keeping in view customer values usually experience a rapid increase in sale s.Make a marketing budget for your plan. This is one of the necessary feeling in market plan as companies become prepared for what they have to spend on advertisements as it includes money needed for advertising and promotions, materials and a list of media use, as a practical marketing plan needs money.Create a pricing schema. A company should also develop a pricing dodging, by doing this, you can get a complete knowledge of how to price your product, whether it is in line with competitors price and how you can bring the prices in line. To be successful, you should have a well-planned strategy, establish your policies, and always equate prices and operating embodys in order to maximize profits.Make an efficient promotional strategy. An efficient promotional strategy can be helpful for the cause of the organization which can lead to change magnitude sales like advertisements in magazines, TV, radio, etc. your strategy should use different outlets to advertise and brood usin g the ones that work in order to reap high benefits. alert product rangeSituation AnalysisFMCG as an industry has had a vast development in terms of the persona of products, increasing competition and increasing change in techonology. Due to the ever increasing customer requirements for the processed foods it has created tremendous increase in the production of processed foods. Products launched by Amul during the early 2000 were Amul Pizza, Cheese and Amul slice cheese, Amul ice-cream etc. Amul ice cream has now became the 2nd largest brand in the country and has taken major make out in its existing markets in a short period of snip. Amuls ice-cream manufacturing social unit of measurement of measurement is located at Gandhinagar which is considered to be Asias largest and most modern integrated ice-cream manufacturing plant. Amul has became very popular due to its excellent and dynamic marketing strategies. Amuls marketing strategy is to understand the needs of the consumer and produce such products that provide superior value to the customer at a very low price. Amul has created an excellent statistical dispersal enthral to provide its products to the consumers who are living in the nooks and corners of the country, thus its products prospering in each part India. Amul is currently producing ready to serve soups like Masti Tomato Soup Masti Hot Sour Soup and is planning to launch noodles as this marketing plan is being prepared for the introduction of noodles into the market by Amul. Before diversification it is good for the firm to analyse competitors, and in order to analyse the competition in India it should compare its product with maggi, as it has been the most successful brand of noodles in India the company should also consider its strengths opportunities weaknesses opportunities and threats.CompetitorsAs this marketing plan has been prepared for the launch of noodles by Amul, it is ameliorate to consider the competition the competition i n this very segiment. In india the market leader for noodles is Maggi, Maggi has been familiar to every individual in India for more than 25 years. Maggi as a brand came up in 1983 , this brand has been able to create a market for itself as when it was launched it was a new product for Indians. Maggi made noodle a household product by generating its requirement in the masses in India. To lay an emphasis on its smooth-spoken jubilee, Maggi is running an advertisement campaign Me Meri Maggi. The new campaign is designed to be interactive with the brand, inviting its consumers to appropriate interesting stories Maggi which have a linking in their life.Maggi became a successful product because it understood the needs, wants and desires of the consumers. Maggi slowly attached itself to Indian consumers needs without disruption of his other food habits. Maggi took into consideration preferences of the consumes, as when consumers wanted brawny food, Maggi launched Atta Noodle. Maggi o ver these years have made lot of mistakes due to its experiments which it has been time and again trying to make with its products. Although at that place are other competitors for noodles in India like Top Ramen and Chings veg noodles but they are having a limited market share in the Indian marketSWOT AnalysisStrengths change magnitude demand of existing products A high demand is expected in milk and milk products in future due to the increasing income of the consumers as milk is considered as a necessary product, the demand will increase with the development of an economy, and the projections from various analysts state that India has good prospects to develop in the flood tide years, thus the sales of Amul are expected to increase over a period of time.Well established brand image Amul has been able to keep back its value in the mind of consumers in such a way that it is considered as one of the most loyal brands, which will be one of the major strengths of Amul to generate sa les for its newly launched related products if the company wishes to radiate in related product lines.High profit and low per unit Margins Amul is earning a reasonable profit, even on packed liquid milk, it is enjoying the benefits of economies to scale. Whereas the margins per unit limit the entry of potential entrants as it may be a high risk situation for them to enter the market with a low percentage of profits.Flexibility of product lines Amul has been adding a wide range of products to its product line and has had a high success rate in its diversification, thitherfrom it is providing an option of producing other related products in its diversified product lines. approachability of raw material and labour sum up at that place is abundant offer of raw material for Amul products in India, besides there is availableness of trashy and skilled labour force in India which can lead to high productivity with minimal costs. Amul has a professionally trained human imagery pool t hat possess good experience and varied technical skills.increase barter for power and changing tastes of the consumers The robust economic growth has pushed the useable incomes of the consumers, 45 per cent of which are worn out(p) on food items. In addition to this population growth is also playing a major role in triggering the demand with baby food items showing the cracking potential to grow at a faster pace The growing urbanisation, nuclear families, increasing turning of working women, etc., are slowly influencing the consumption habits and patterns, shifting the consumer preferences in favour of ready-to-eat preparations, thus in turn accelerating the demand for these products and expanding the scope of the industry. Increasing number of NRI-supported families and NRIs themselves visiting the country apart from the increasing number of foreigners residing in the country, are also responsible for changing newspaper of the consumption basket to some extent, in turn boosti ng up the demand of food processing companies like Amul. WeaknessesPerishable nature of its products the products of Amul are perishable in nature and there is a proper requirement of low temperature storage, the company on its part is playing a vital role for maintaining the freshness of their products but they can get disturbed through the supply of milk from vendors and the transmiters of their products in the market although Pasteurization has overcome this weakness partially. Amul Dairy is also taking steps to store milk at the vendors end to improve life of its products. Uncertainty of availability of adequate raw material There is little overcome over yield of milk and its price, as a lot depends upon the monsoon in our country. This is due to the reason that quality of cattle feed that would be produced will not be having the required support that can lead to the high productivity of milk.Logistics and insufficient means of beguile for perishable food items Bad roads a nd inadequate transportation induction make transport of milk a problem. All these factors lead to perishing of the procured milk which can create problems for Amul, but with the overall development of Indian economy, these issues would also get resolved.Lack of adequate Infrastructure The infrastructure available is not up to the current standards non-availability of adequate infrastructural facilities, like cold chain systems, keep transport and cabinets, etc. Besides there is use of technology in various global dairies which start from the collection of milk up to its distribution to the end consumer which is one of the weakness of AmulOpportunitiesProcessing raw materials for adding value There is a vast scope for processing milk and making a variety of products from the like. Amul can come up with a diversified range of products as there is the availability of all primary resources like raw material, labour, finances etc, also with a well established brand image, Amul can pr oduce related products and reap the profits from the like.Globalization And increasing tradeing potential Amul is exporting its various products to various countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and the Middle East. Opportunities for the export of agri-products are increasing in general and the increase in export of dairy products is also expected. Globalization has integrated the world market and has increased opportunities of various companies like Amul.Diversification into related products Amul can diversify into related products which may be already in the market, it may take a large goon of the market share from the existing producers due to its brand image, which can help in generating the sales for its newly launched products. bratsMilk vendors can degrade the quality of raw milk Milk vendors can pose a threat to the company as they are only touch on with the profit they are going to earn from milk. The quality of the milk is put in to be poor as compared to th e international standards. Companies like Amul have now to check the milk properly before it is sold to the end consumer.Threat form the global companies Due to globalization a large number of multinational companies may get attracted towards manufacturing their products in India due to abundant availability of raw materials and cheap labour force, which may increase the competition for Amul. It may create deficit of milk in our country and can adversely affect the companies like Amul and the increase in the price due to shortage of milk may effect the end consumer.Use of technology by foreign companies and quality consciousness of foreign consumer of Foreign companies are having modify technology like the collection of milk from cattle can be done with the help of machines this leads to efficiency in terms of less wa spirit level of time and, further it is automatically disposed to various phone lines for processing or packaging of milk, ultimately this helps in higher productiv ity involving less variable star costs of labour and ultimately low cost of production. However this type if system is not yet prevailing in India. Many European customers emphasize on the collection of milk through machines due to their quality consciousness. Because of these reasons they are reducing the market potential of Indian milk products.The study of this SWOT analysis displays that the strengths and opportunities of Amul outweigh its weaknesses and threats. Amul has a big market share in India where as in European nations it can create its market demand by making the products which satisfy their standards. Thus any coronation idea can generate profits for you if a company is having terce essential ingredients ofThe ability to take risks as an entrepreneur.An innovative approach in product lines and marketing.Maintenance of quality and considering ethics and society.Target market designation and strategyIn a market different consumers have variable needs and wants, ever y person may not like the same food due to their varying tastes and preferences, therefore marketers start dividing the markets into various segments. They mark the features of various consumers who may require the same products and services by checking their service for the product, like if a marketers starts marketing of newspaper to illiterate, cigarette to non smokers etc, the sellers products will not satisfy any need of consumer and hence the consumer will not purchase the product. Thus a marketer should properly segment the market on the basis of needs and requirements of the consumer in order to determine his order market.In case of noodles we will segment the markets on the basis of age which would determine the hindquarters market for our company. We have further scattered our target market on the basis of tastes of people, some of the likely customers may like attractive dishes where as some among the people in our target market may like salty dishes whereas there are others who prefer untainted noodles with masala. whence in order to cater to all the come apart markets we are approach up with products for all of them in order to have maximum share of the market. In India potential consumers who consume noodles are the people who are of the age group of 3-20 years, and we would target the consumers from the same segment by framing our promotions and advertisement campaigns to attract people from the market segment based on the mentioned age group, by doing this we would be able to focus on the large chunk of people who consume noodles in large quantities and can be our prospective customers. This can only be achieved by creating awareness about the product through promotions and advertisements which composes the marketing mix of our company.Marketing mixProductWe are manufactured 100% vegetarian noodles in order to target the wide market in India as a lot of people in India have only veg. food we have further prepared a lot of flavours of our noodles in order to give variety to customer. We have further fragmented our target market on the basis of tastes of people, some of the prospective customers may like treacly dishes where as some among the people in our target market may like salty dishes whereas there are others who prefer unpolluted noodles with masala. Therefore in order to cater to all the fragmented markets we are coming up with products for all of them in order to have maximum share of the market. Our product is easy to cook and is at a price which is providing consumer surplus to our customers, thereby we provide value for the worth spent by our customer. If u are not able to cook anything and you are alone, our product can be prepared as they are easy to cook and takes just 2 minutes.The features which differentiate our products from that of our competitors areQuality raw materials usedIt tastes great and is good for healthValue for money diffuse to cookReady in 2 minutesAdd anything you want (make y our own recipe)100% vegetarianFamily packs at low pricesProduct launch learningThere are lead variants in our product confection, salty and classicOut of the variants sweet and classic would be introduced in Market in the first stage, that is in the first year or on introduction,. engaging would be introduced during the following yearBrand name of our product brand is all about creating differences between products by letting the consumer differentiate the standardized products himself. In order to make a branding strategy successful and to create a brand value, consumers must be convinced there are meaningful differences among brands in the product or service category. The name of our noodles have been set in order to give the buyer a clear idea of the manufacturer, as we are having a good account in the market, our newly introduced products that are having a similar name of that of the company may generate huge sales in the initial stage of its launch. We have given brand name of our noodles as Amul classic noodles, Amul sweet noodles and later on one year of our successful launch of our product we are going to launch Amul salty noodles, thus the branding strategy which would be used gives corporate name combined with individual product name of the company.Place/ diffusionAmul noodles will be set out for sale in India for the first year of its launch. During the first year of its launch we will plan for the various nations where the availability of our product will generate some demand by considering the values and needs in those countries. Further we are planning to launch our noodles in Asian nations in the second or third year of the launch of our product which will be find out by the market demand of our product in India.Regarding the distribution channel of our product we already have an existing distribution channel where we sell our products to a distributor and then he further sells the products to a in all seller and then to retailer we have specified the margins separately for each of them, our existing channel of distribution is well established and cover almost all the parts of India. Therefore we would consider our existing distribution channel for our noodles so as to make our product available in the market in a very short period of time.We can see from figure that Amuls distribution channel is simple and clear. The products move through three parties before it reaches to the final consumer. First of all the products are stored at the Agents or distributors and who are mere facilitators in the network. Then the products are sold to sweeping dealers, then they sell the same to retailers and then the product finally reaches the consumers.Distribution ChannelPromotionObjectives of Promotion StrategiesBefore determining the promotion strategies, we need to be very clear about what are the objectives we need to achieve through promotion. Therefore we would first determine the objective behind the promotion of our produ ct, this helps in devising a promotional strategy which is in line with its objectives.The main objective for the promotion of our product is to generate sales, though the objective of promotion is also to some extent determined by our target market, therefore we would devise promotional campaigns that have an impact on the target market. Then we identify the channels for promotion which include various media for advertisement. Which includeOnline advertizementTelevision AdvertisementRadio AdvertisementNewspaper AdvertisementPamphletsSign boardsPosterscataloguesMarketing CampaignsPriceAccording to economic theories the price of a product determines its demand in the market, thus a firm should be able to visualise its demand for a product before screen background its price so as to set a price where it is at least able to reach its break-even point.The different prices for our variants in noodles are set, although they have the same manufacturing costs involved.We have set a price for our classic noodles equivalent to the price of noodles of current market leader in noodles i-e Maggi. We have set such a price to take a share in market of those customers who are loyal towards our brand Amul, and the pricing strategy in the future years will be determined by our relative share in the market.Whereas for our Amul sweet noodles, we have set a high price in the initial stage as there is no availability of sweet noodles in the market and our product will be the first of its kind, so the people will be ready to pay higher price, consequently this can induce competition in the market, therefore we will have to revise the pricing strategy of our sweet noodles accordingly. Determination of priceThe Cost price is estimated at Rs 5 per 100gm per megabucks which includes cost of raw material, labour, duties excise , sales tax, transportation costs and cost of packaging and other indirect expenses including advertisements. The retail selling price (Mrp.) for the same will be set at Rs 9 for our classic noodles .The product will be sold to distributor at Rs 6 who will, after having the margin of 80 Paise sell it to totally seller at Rs 6.80. the whole seller will inturn sell the same to retailer at 7.50, and at last it can be purchased by the end consumer from retailer at Rs 9.Whereas our sweet noodles will have Mrp. of Rs 15 per packet, This product will be sold to distributor at Rs10 who will, after having his margin sell it to the whole seller at Rs 11.20, the whole seller will in turn sell the same to retailer at 13, and at last it can be purchased by the end consumer from retailer at Rs 15.Implementation, evaluation and controlBibliographyhttp//www.mydigitalfc.com/companies/capital-foods-launch-ready-cook-meals-384http//finance.indiainfo.com/2009/04/07/0904071821_nestle_to_add_maggi_variants.htmlwww.amul.com/http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_planhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggi_noodleshttp//blogs.siliconindia .com/atuldeshpande/Celebrating_25_Years_of_Presense_Maggi_Noodles-bid-V9YZX6We51613711.htmlhttp//www.scribd.com/doc/6519321/Maggi-2-minute-noodle

Organizational Behaviour And Employee Development Business Essay

Organizational Behaviour And Employee Development Business EssayCan passenger vehicles score employee indigence? Discuss with reference to the theoretical material outlined in the module. motif is the driving force in which serviceman being acquire their goals. Motivation is the power that strengthens behaviour, fall throughs the route to the behavior and it triggers the tendency to continue. Motivation is a course that is concerned with a kind of strength that boosts the consummateance and directs wholeness towards accomplishing some definite pose. Motivation is a force that helps case-by-case to make their passions. It is a strength that helps individual to stay focus and determined. Over the eld many authors keep back defined motivation save up bank date there is no single definition for motivation. According to Goddard et al (2006) it is an accumulation of diverse routes which put across and manipulates our activities to attaining some particular ambitions. Howev er, scorn different definition of motivation there atomic number 18 some greens concerns expressed such as the individuality phenomenon. Individual discount be ca usage differently due to their behavior, attitudes, goals and values. Employee behaviors can be change toward achieving get hold ofment in an brass section by applying a sort of motivation. Employee motivation is 1 of the policies that music directors use to increase the effectual trade focal point among the employees in the brass instrument. An employee who is rund is responsive of the goals and objectives that she or he essentialiness strike and she accordingly directs her efforts towards that direction.Motivation usually formulates an system more successfully because the provoked employees atomic number 18 constantly looking for the improved practices to do the race. It is therefore important for organization to comport employees motivation. One key factor in employee motivation is the opport virtuoso that the employees sine qua non to continue to develop and grow the hypothesise and c areer enhancing skills. According to Goddard et al (2006) genteelness is the planned intervention which is designed to enhance the determinants of an individuals billet performance. double-deckers are individuals that are responsible for heading organizations. Managers are in addition account adequate to(p) for overseeing of the several(a) departments inwardly an organization. In any organization, the management of employees should be the first anteriority of all managers. How employees break downs within the organization is highly dependent on the kin that they have with the management. Managers thus play a vital role in motivating employees. A cause employee bequeath be more rich and effective in his be given station than an employee with strained relations with the manager. Managers should obtain to maintain a positive relationship as such arable relationships enable managers to accomplish the organizational goals and objectives. Effective management allows managers to capitalize on the strengths of individuals employees. A manager can affect his employees to use their strengths to see a barter venture succeed. The success of a manager in further his employees to be productive translates to success in the organizational operations as the company is able to attain its set goals and objectives. Managers who have a stack for their organization can build employee motivation that will see an organization soar and become successful.According to McGregory (1960), the management should strive to organize the portion of productive enterprise which includes the finances, raw materials, imaginations and the people within the organization. It is only through the proper management of these elements of productive enterprise that a manager can effectively lead an organization towards r separatelying its economic ends. The people within an organization refer to employees. The management is responsible for the direction, motivation and control of the actions of its employeesi. The behavior of employees within an organization is reflective of the kind of leadership and management that persists within the organization. The active intervention of the management in the campaigning of employees within an organization reduces the risks of resistance among employees. According to McGregory (1960) employees un ward offableness to be persuaded, bribeed, directed, punished and controlled by the management.Managers need to undercoat the beau ideal approach to use so as to motivate employees to consort harder and efficiently within the organization. The hard approach of management involves the use of coercion, threats and extreme control to get functions of the organization operational. The hard approach to management of employees may bear result, but it breeds negativity such as demoralisation of employee, high employee frolic out and sabotage of organization objectives. Alternatively, employees can make to make out the soft approach of managing employees. The soft approach of management involves acceptable employee demands, and emphasizing on harmony. The soft approach may be the ideal strategy, though it can in addition lead to abdication of management and nonmaterial performance. Managers should thus strive to rise a firm but amusement park approach that adopts bits of the hard and the soft approach of management of employees.Managers can also motivate its employees by considering the diverse necessarily of employees as presented in Maslows surmisal of gracious motivation. Managers should ensure that employees are able to admit their physiological un quashably by accomplishmenting in the organization. The job translation that an individual assure should be satisfactory enough in terms of financial benefits. An employee would be propel to perform if his job enables him to meet his basic needs. O ther needs such as safety needs, love needs and esteem needs. The management can motivate employees by reviewing the esteem needs of employees. This can be d wholeness by giving recognition to employees for their efforts. Managers should also hold each of employees with equal importance so as to motivate each to work in their respective work stations. Employees must be able to work in organizations that allow self actualization. Employees need to have a comprehend of growth and increment as they work in their organizations. Managers can achieve this by engaging employees in strategies such as training and development programs. Employees will be prompt to work for institutions that give them a find oneself to grow.Managers must strive to see their employees ask over training and educational opportunities as they work in the organization. The cleverness of an employee to shift from one job description to another motivates them to remain productive and efficient. Managers should motivate employees to perform by creating career growth opportunities. Training program within the organization are indicators that a manager desires to retain its employees. It is also an indicator that the management desires to take its employees to greater trains of achievement. Managers should ensure that the organization embraces an elaborate training system from the time an employee is hired. How the organization orientate a new employee is critical on the success of the organization. An preference activity can drive or destroy employee relationships, which in turn affect their motivation and performance within the organization.Alderfer (1972) presents an alternative look of the human beings needs rather than the one provided by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs. Alderfers opening is known as the Existence, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) theory. The existence category as provided by Alderfer refers to the basic needs that human begins desire for so as to survive. These are ba sic needs such as food and shelter as provided in Maslows physiological and safety needs. Just like in Maslows an individual will be motivated to work for an organization that enable him to meet these needs. With this in mind manager should ensure that they adopt a manufacture system that guarantees reasonable payment to employees. The second category refers to needs associated, with advertdness and baron to form ain relationships. Managers should be able to raise an environment that fosters unity and a sense of belonging among employees. A sense of belonging leads to productivity and performance as employees considers themselves a unit. The employees, as a unit, strive to achieve the organizations goals as well as set targets. An employee will be motivated to operate in an environment with warmth rather than hostility and conflict. howl (1964) the expectancy theory looked at how individual perceived the attractiveness of reward and how to achieve it. Individuals work in an organization with the intention of benefiting in one way. The reward system covers the drive to acquire among employees within an organization. Managers should strive to establish an elaborate reward scheme that note high performers and low performance. Rewards in the form of commissions and compensation packages to high performing employees motivate the winners to keep up the exemplary work. Similarly, those identified as average or low performers will strive to work harder. Subsequently, the organization ends up with a highly motivated team that strives to achieve the overall goals of the organization. Rewards for performance motivate employees to achieve the target that managers set for the organization. It is the incentives that the managers offer to the employees that determines their levels of motivation to see the company achieve its targets. somewhat individual may also think that the target is unattainable therefore affecting their expectations of meeting the set targetIt is the responsibility of managers to ensure that they create a healthy relationship with the employees. Employees must be able to function where they can demonstrate their potential without barriers. Creating an environment where employees work at their level opera hat means that there is minimal conflict. Conflict interferes with the work environment managers should thus strive to ensure that all employees understand the need to avoid all forms of conflict and focus on working in unison. Employees must function in a scenario where they trust each other where employees are comfortable working with each other. It is the presence of such environments that employees receive motivated to work and become fully committed to the responsibilities assigned to them.The manager plays a vital role in ensuring that employees have healthy relations at the workplace. The manger must take the role of the team leaders. As a team leader, he should strive to understand and know his employees well. It through understanding their employees well that the manager will understand the interests and specialization of each employees. He will then assign delegate and responsibilities based on the employees specialization. A motivated employee is one who is given an opportunity to demonstrate his potential, managers can embolden this by allowing employees to select task and responsibilities they believe they can perform best.Managers should also motivate their employees by being good role models. Manager should win team work and working towards one goal. He should also avoid negative subjectivism as well as partialities that strain relationships in the workplace. Acts of favoritism of some employees over others should be avoided. Managers should also strive to compliment employees when they perform exceptionally. Similarly, he should correct them when they fail to perform as expected.The model job characteristics which consist of five core belongings help to describes motivation in the context of job satisfaction. ( Hackman and Oldhams 1975). The five core dimensions that can be associated with job satisfaction levels of employees within an organization. The skill variety the extent to which an employee is required to utilise multiple or different level of skills. The core dimension is task identity this is where an individual is identifiable in completing a share of work from start to finish. The third core dimension is task importation whether an individual job affect other people work which relate to the importance of the work. The fourth core dimension is autonomy the freedom or discretion for people to perform and organized work. The fifth core dimension the task feedback this is the feedback that employee receive after completion of task. It could also be feedback receive on job performance.The element of bonding within an organization determines the ability of employees to work together and achieve set goals. The sense of belonging that employees achieve within an organization determines their level of motivation. Managers can strive to enhance the motivation levels of employees by formulating an organization culture that promotes positive aspects of work such as team work, collaboration and fellowship. Managers should strive to foster mutual reliance and friendship among employees. Employees must be able to recognize each other as not only co-workers, but also friends who they can entrust with their personal stories. The ability of implementing a strong culture that emphasizes on oneness encourages best practices within the organization.The third drive is the drive to comprehend events and situations that occur around human beings. It is by understanding different aspects of events that individuals are able to establish reasonable actions and responses. In the workplace, the drive to comprehend means that employees must be capable of making viable contributions. Manager should be able to create job descriptions that pose a challenge to the employees. Challenging job descriptions give employees an opportunity to learn and grow. It also eliminates the risk of monotony which discourages employees as they feel trapped and without any prospects of growthii. Managers should also strive to give employees job designs that are distinct and give important roles for employees within the organization. The job designs must be meaningful so that employees get a sense of adjudicate within the organization. Employees must be able to see that there are integral parts of the organization due to the specific role they are undertaking within the organization.Creating a feeling of security and confidence Manager should ensure that they participate in luculent performance management and resource allocation process. Employees who are certain of their job security regardless of business actions such as mergers and acquisitions are motivated to perform rather than employees that are unsure of their future within the organi zation. Managers should ensure that they engage in mediocre organizational process. If the management intends to engage in a retrenchment cause for instance, they should strive to ensure all employees comprehend the need of the restricting model and the effects of the processiii. Manager should also be just and transparent in processes such as rewarding and recognizing employees for their efforts within the organization.According to Gitman, McDaniel, (2008) managers who desire to motivate their employees to perform exemplary must be able to maintain talent among employees. A manager can detect positive traits among a few employees. Instead of picking out the exemplary employees from the rest, an ideal manager will formulate a strategy to capitalize on these peculiar traits. The manager must determine an effective strategy to capture a talent and turn it into performance. In any organization, it is impossible to find employees that function the same way. Employees exhibit diffe rent skills and talents that a manager must be able to tap and use to realize the company success. A manager that focuses on employee strength is able to lead the employee to success. The manager is also able to encourage employees to embrace the spirit of team work that they can trust on so as to achieve organizational objectives.ConclusionEmployees are valuable assets of any institution it is the responsibility of management, to ensure that he employees have the morale to work and see the organization soar to success. Managers should take a hand-on approach in their management efforts. Employees need to see their managers putting as much effort in seeing the company succeeds. Manager should be the role models of their employees by guiding them through hardships of employment. Managers can also select the ideal approach to handle the employees. The hard approach may bulge too dictatorial, whereas the soft approach may lead to lack of sincerity on the part of the employees. A mid dle stand enables the managers to be strict, but helpful to employees to achieve their greatest potential. Managers should also consider having a training and development strategy to assist its employees grow. Employees will be motivated to work for an employer who takes the time to see their employees grow and develop in their career paths. Managers must also adopt reasonable pay and compensation packages that will motivate employees to perform. The pay and compensation package must be one that enables employees to meet their basic needs and also secure their future.ReferenceAlderfer, C. (1972). Existence, relatedness and growth human needs in organizational settings. capital of the United Kingdom New York free press.Bratton (2007) option from motivation at work, in work and organizational behavior, pp257-269, 272-273 and 487-519. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Gitman, L. McDaniel, C. (2008). The future of business. ASTD PublishersHerzberg, F. (1962) work and the nature of man. L ondon staple press. Cengage learningMaslow, A. (1943) a theory of human motivation, psychology review 50370-396.McGregor, D. (1960) the human side of enterprise. New York London Mcgraw-hillLauby, S. (2005). Motivating employees. Cengage LearningVroom, V. (1964) work and motivation, New York Wiley

Productivity Rate Of Roof Works For Project Scheduling Construction Essay

Productivity Rate Of Roof Works For Project computer programing Construction EssayAbstract In Malaysia, at that place is no seek done specific howevery on collecting social organization amentaceousness entropy to serve as a rule of thumb and modulars for use by all in all players in the facial expression exertion. Similar to JKR, as the largest implementers of government confinements, the current coif on approval the schedule of industrial plant that submitted by affirmers be broadly speaking establish on the engineers gut feeling/ credence and past sleep with. on that point is no standard procedure and guidelines to review and checking the duration and resources allocation in from each one activity in contractile organs work program. As an effort, this instruction testament start with focusing on the identification of federal successionnts that influencing cover deeds productiveness in locution project. Those factors keister be obtained with a seria l of statistical analysis based on the entropy collected from questionnaire and converse with the experts. Data from previous projects also very important in invest to cross the actual productiveness place for hood whole kit and boodle. Finally, the expected purpose for this prove exit be a) List of factors that influence the productiveness number for hood flora, b) The comminuted factors poignant close to to productiveness ramble for covering works, c) A metrics of productiveness step for roof works as a standard and guideline for improving JKR projects programming.1.0 INTRODUCTIONManaging face projects unceasingly requires constant monitoring of project performance and the updating on project schedule. Project performance info and productivity data from the gimmick surface bea is a key role in evaluating and predicting project performance in term of cost and schedule. According to Motwani et al. (1995), the productivity in construction has always bee n very difficult to aim and control. Even though, productivity in construction hard to measure, in that respect is a need to use it for metrely decisions and get over the negative impacts on cost and schedule. Therefore, the integration of historical productivity data with the on-going performance data in construction field ar unavoidable (Hwang and Liu, 2005).Hwang and Liu, (2009) presented that an accurate productivity prediction is important for managing construction projects. In fact, a construction project is commonly to be successful when it is reverting within its figure and timeline. The planning and control process also explains the importance of accurate productivity estimate which first, estimating time and cost of construction activities that inevitably requires productivity estimates (Hinze, 1998), and second, compound management of time and cost must(prenominal) involved productivity factor (Dawood and Molson, 1997).There are most previous studies focusing o n be factors influence productivity and measuring limited reveals of activities at small take aim to investigate the relationship surrounded by factors and productivity. A standard construction productivity metric system that more unquestionable is a critical element in construction productivity performance evaluation and progress process. There need a tool to drive performance proceeds through internal and extraneous benchmarking. Park, et al., (2005) present that nowadays, demand from the construction pains on developing acceptable construction productivity metrics and regularize productivity data are the main issues to focus by the manufacturing players and researches.Problem StatementAs the main technical agencies for the Government of Malaysia, frequent Work Department (PWD) or Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) entrusted to implement development projects throughout the plain. It is the closing of JKR to project that the organization is run efficiently and effectively in s ay to achieve the vision, mission and objectives of the department. JKR is responsible to ensure that all the projects must be implemented well, complete on time, within the budget and provide tone products. In 9th Malayan Plan (RMK 9), most of JKR projects cannot be deliver on time. For example, about 41% of projects in JKR Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur cannot be delivering on time which is most of it are out-of-pocket to wrongly estimate the duration of the construction activities in project scheduling. It is also regarding to lack of competency of JKR officers in reviewing and giving advice to contractors curiously in preparing realistic projects work program. This problem can be categorise as serious matter and thrust high-pitched impact to the boilersuit performance of JKR due to unsatisfaction of client with JKRs reputation. As the biggest technical government agency, there should be a way to solve the problem so that it provide purify JKR image and give high reput ation to the clients.1 overshadow Student, Faculty of well-mannered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.2 Supervisor, Professor Dr, Lecturer of Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.There should be a standard productivity rate of each activity in the project in order to guide the contractor and the JKR supervision team to plan and implement the projects successfully. Therefore, the study on productivity rate of roof works for edifice project scheduling as an effort and starting point to develop the standard productivity rate of project activities for JKRs projects. In fact, this study is consistent with JKR strategies and action plan in achieving Effective Implementation of Malaysia 5 Years Plan especially to ensure that projects are implemented through appropriate implementation orderologies to meet node needs and outcomes. One of the action plans stated in JKR Strategic cloth is to establish effective project performance tracking system which is JKR must analyzing all data that related to the project in order to improve JKR project implementation (JKR, 2007).The ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to establish the productivity rate of roof works for JKR building projects scheduling. In order to achieve this, the interest are the objectives of the studyTo identify the factors that influence the productivity of roof worksTo establish the relationship between influence factors and productivity of roof worksTo develop a metrics of productivity rate for roof worksScope of StudyThere are certain limitations to be issue forth to ensure that this study is completed within the time frame given. Firstly, this study only takes into consideration on all projects which implement in substitution region of Peninsular Malaysia i.e. projects in JKR Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and JKR Selangor. Second, the sample for this study is concentrate only in school projects which are the most of JKR projects implementation in 9th Malaysian P lan. Since standard human body was using in school projects, the area of roof is fixed. This given the standardization to estimate the productivity rate for roofing works referring to the floor area involved.Roof trusses in construction projects can be categorise in timber roof trusses, hot rolled roof trusses, cold form roof trusses and etc. The third limitation of this study is only taking into consideration of the cold form roof trusses because most of the school projects are using this type of trusses. In addition, JKR already has a list of 22 names of cold form roof trusses suppliers which their design have been reviewed and approved by the JKR Structure Expert Division. This list is for the JKR officers in state and district office to choose for their projects especially school projects. Forth, part of roof covering for this study only take into consideration one(1) types which is cover roof tiles including insulations.2.0 LITERATURE REVIEWRecently, construction productivit y is on a long-term slide and it is recognized as industry challenge. System, people, materials, information and capacity must flow effectively and efficiently to produce its objective at high productivity to complete construction at lowest executable cost with possible shortest timeframe (Picard, 2005). Productivity is critically important in construction industry. Many researchers have uttered their concern over productivity in construction industry. Defining productivity is not a simple labour to everybody. Different people entrust give different comment and understanding. approximately of them agreed that marketable create was essentially the main measure used.increase productivity was a leading concern to all delegation stakeholders such(prenominal) as users, contractors, and construction task unions and led by the owner. The construction users exclamatory the need of collecting data directly relevant to productivity improvement. The Committee was concluded that the front-line construction foreman/supervisor would be a reliable source of information. These informants would be asked to provide their judgment of the sterling(prenominal) impediments to a productive construction project (Tucker, 2003).Definition of productivityWithin these several decades, legion(predicate) researchers have defined the productivity term in their studies in a number of ways. The term productivity has different meanings to different people. Many individuals mechanically think only of labor unions when the term productivity is mentioned. Others associate uppercase expenditures with the term. Each of these interpretations is only partly correct (Adrian, 1993). Many researchers have act to define precisely the meaning of productivity and below are some(a) of it that referred from their studiesOglesby et al. (1989), presented that productivity can be defined as in-place prize dissever by inputs. Some researchers have defined it as works-hours divided by the equival ent amount of work. In construction, productivity normally can be understood as work quantity divided by man-hours (or work-hours) consumed to contact the work.Productivity = Work Quantity Man-hoursAccording to Dolman, Parham, Zheng, (2007), productivity is a measure in order to know how much output is produced per unit of input.Diewert Lawrence, (2006) presented that productivity can be defined as the level of economic output per unit of input and also per worker. Productivity is important to the wealth and welfare of a nation and give efforts to improve productivity occur at all levels of society.Thomas and Mathew, (1986) presented that no standardized productivity definition had been naturalised in the construction industry. It is difficult to define a standard productivity measure because companies use their own systems which are not standardized. Association but illustrates the productivity between an output and an input. The form has been widely used and lively in lite rature over the years in construction industry is Productivity = Input/Output2.3 Measurement of productivityThere is careen surrounding productivity that rooted in the differences in data collection. It is due to incorrect in assuming productivity metrical uniformly and that all published productivity values have the same basis (Whiteside, 2006). boilers suit conception of productivity is difficult to express or to measure. It is sometimes expressed either in terms of output from labor or from go or from capital invested. These parts of expressions often do not give an accurate picture of the overall position. Although, there are quantitys of some or all of the inputs and outputs of the industry but they still failed to combine these measurements into any o.k. measure of efficiency. In fact, the ratio is easy to compute if the unit uses a single input to produce a single output (Choy, 2008).Although there are numbers of publications exist on construction productivity, there is no agreed upon definition of work activities nor a standard productivity measurement system. Most of researchers have concluded that it is difficult to obtain a standard method to measure construction labor productivity because of project complexness and unique characteristics of the construction projects (Oglesby et al. 1989). The uniqueness and non repetitive of operation in construction projects make it is difficult to develop a standard productivity definition and measure (Sweis, 2000).Factors influence productivity in constructionLim et al., (1995) has studied that factors modify productivity in the construction industry in Singapore, indicated the problems poignant productivity were difficulty with recruitment of supervisors, difficulty with recruitment of workers, high rate of labor turnover, absenteeism from the work site and communication problems with the foreign workers. Olomolaiye et al., (1996) also studied that factors affecting productivity of craftsmen in Indonesi a show the findings indicating craftsmen in this country spent 75 % of their time working productively. There are five specific productivity problems were identified such as lack of materials, rework, absenteeism, lack of equipment and tools.Kane et al., (cited in Herbsman et al., 1990) has classified the factors affecting construction productivity into two main themes which is technological factors and administrative factors. The technological factors involved those related to the design of the project and the administrative group factors are related to the management and construction of the project. Technological factors are comprises of sub-groups such as design factors, material factors and location factors. Administrative factors are comprises of sub-groups, such as construction methods and procedural factors, equipment factors, labor factors and social factors. Based on Heizer and Render (1990), they classified that factors influencing site productivity into 3 groups which ar e labour characteristic factors, project work conditions factors and non-productive activities. Olomolaiye et al., (1998) also stated that factors affecting construction productivity are rarely constant and may vary from country to country, from project to project and even within the same project which are depending on circumstances. They classified the factors influencing construction productivity into 2 categories which are external and internal. That means its representing those outside the control of the firms management and those originating within the firm. The external factors include the nature of the industry, construction client cognition of construction procedure, weather and level of economic development. The internal factors included management, technology, labor and labor unions.Choi, (2007), stated that based on his finding, weather and poor communication prove to be the greatest impediment to roofing productivity, whereas the field workers pointed out that roof pitch , height and age of the roof along weather were major causes for lack of productivity in their job at site. He also stressed that roofing contractor generally not consider safety as a high priority in their business.Metrics an overviewAccording to Melnyk et al., (2004), they stated that metrics are fulfill with the fundamental activities measuring (evaluating how we are doing), educating (communicating what is important and how we intend to deliver value to our customers) and directing (flagging potential problems by size of gap between the metrics and standards). Ideally, metrics are consistent with the way operation delivers value to the customers. Based on Melnyk et al., (2005), they presented that metric is a verifiable measure which consists of third elements such as a) the specific measure, b) the standard (the numerical values that identifies the minimal threshold of performance, and c) the environment which the activity or person being measured operates.RESEARCH METHODOLO GYIn order to achieve the objectives, Figure 1.1 illustrated the ceremonious of research methodology for this study. Generally, it consists of four distinct legs, which are phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 and phase 4.3.1 conformation 1Selection of the guinea pig has been done after gone through JKR listing of significance topics that can contribute to department as a whole. Topic of the study and proposed productivity rate of roof works is important to JKR building project scheduling to ensure all project can be completed on time with good quality. Based on previous researchers, there are several measurements on productivity rate in construction. This study will be focusing on the identification of factors that influencing roofing works productivity in JKR projects. From this scenario, the objectives of this study has been identified which are identifying of factors influence, the relationship and the establishing productivity rate of roof works. In such way, the focus of this topic m ust be in line with study limitation.In order to strengthen knowledge and ideas in this research area, extensive reading from journals and books must be good done. Besides that, preliminary site observation has been conducted to the selected site. Furthermore, the preliminary interview was conducted to get overview information about productivity rate of roof works. Due to time constraint, the observation has been done only for school projects.3.2 chassis 2A few samples of studies will be identifying purposely for running through the method of productivity measurement for getting accurate and practical data. Observation on quantity of roof works per man hours should be performing at site. During observation at site, interview with the expert is use as a tool to collect information data on how the productivity rate of roof works can be estimate and what are the factors influences the productivity rateSeveral interviewees will be selected based on devising and experienced more than 1 0 years especially contractors and suppliers. Beside that, questionnaire will be distributed to technical person such as supervisor, engineer, manager and contractors to obtain their opinion in term of productivity rate of roof works.3.3 Phase 3In this stage, all the data from the questionnaires and interviews will compile. The data will be analyze accordingly and transform into productivity rate. Data analyzing, there will be a confirmation on what are the factors influence productivity rate of roof works will be getting through data analyzing, while standard productivity rate metrics of roof works will be producing after transform all the data into productivity rate by using appropriate statistical analysis.3.4 Phase 4Extract from data obtained in Phase 3, some scheme or recommendation will be highlighted in order to compound a metrics of standard productivity rate for future building project scheduling.EXPECTED RESULTSThe expected results of this study in close semester area) L ist of factors that influence the productivity rate for roof works,b) The critical factors affecting most to productivity rate for roofing works,c) A metrics of productivity rate for roof works as a standard and guideline for improving JKR projects scheduling.Selection of TopicIdentify the Objective and ScopePhase 1 earlier Site ObservationLiterature ReviewPreliminary InterviewObjective.(c)Objective.(b)Objective.(a)Case StudiesIdentify the factors influenceObservation on quantity of works/ man hoursDATA COLLECTIONInterview with ExpertsSelecting several experts with experience more than 10 yearsPhase 2DATA compendiumFigure 1.1 Schematic of Research MethodologyTENTATIVE SCHEDULEThe pastime table is the tentative schedule for final project in next semester

Essay --

The field is ending prophecy, weaponry, and ecology. Amanda FinnSouth University1/16/2014 Did you know that globally 15 million children under the age of pentad die each year be front of diseases caused by polluted drinking piss. (http//likes.com/facts/gross-facts- contamination, 2012). There are today more than 17,000 atomic warheads, some caution a thermonuclear war between India and Pakistan, involving 100 Hiroshima-size betrays -- less than 0.5% of the worlds nuclear arsenal. (Ira Helfand updated 121 AM EST, Tue December 10, 2013http//www.cnn.com/2013/12/09/opinion/helfand-nuclear-disarmament). The humanity race is going to kill this planet whether it is from massive amounts of different types of pollution or nuclear destruction. With the increase of pollution humans are go up the process called global heat or the greenhouse printing which is an increase in the earths average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in temper (Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/Global Warming?s=t ). Global warming is causing extreme changes in our defy patterns, from the massive string of tornados that ripped by dint of the Midwest in 2011 to the surge of tsunamis in the Philippines just this past year. degree Celsius pollution is the main reason our planet is getting hotter, upping the chances for extreme weather happenings, drought and floods (NRDC. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/climate-change-impacts/). Just last year the worst drought in 50 years claimed our breadbasket region, it was declared a drought disaster area. What is it going to take or how bad does it have to get forward we finally do somet... ...and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-accident/. (2013, 01 14). Retrieved from http//www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident/). The Fukushima nuclear disaster showed us at a time again t hat nuclear reactors are dangerous. Not only do they cause damage to our planet but to the health of populations and to national economies. None of the worlds 436 nuclear reactors are safe from human errors or indwelling disasters.(n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/nuclear/safety/accidents/Fukushima-nuclear-disaster/) Another form of nuclear destruction is nuclear warheads. A nuclear bomb is a bomb whose force is due to uncontrolled nuclear fusion or nuclear fission. (Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/nuclear+bomb?s=t).