'Armani Markting Plan Essay\r'

'Product:The passe-partout Armani Couture product line is the most tumefy respected, developed and successful. Over the next terce years this line should release exclusively ties to the other products and become a protrude alone business to differentiate itself and fix itself as the face of Giorgio Armani retaining its exclusivity and imperfection distinction. This is the touching line or Armani and should remain down the stairs his management and direction. The other products Emporio, Collezioni, Armani Jean, A/X, Armani younger hould all be franchised to retain the Brand image yet capitalize on explosive growth potential. • Promothion:ARMANI:Since the marque was founded . closely all of the actress have had close encounter with it in some Large awards banquet, ,such as in the Academy Awards, Cannes Film Festival, you stool see the well-designed Armani suit dress. In 2005, the stigma’s new Privecollection suit series, priced from 200,000 to 700,000 Yuan. I ts flagship brand Qiaozhi Ou • Armani has been widely praised by the successful people. • puzzle:The private holdings of Giorgio Armani span over 35 countries.\r\nThey include 16 Armani casa home furnishing stores. 13 Armani Junior stores offering clothing for archaeozoic to late teens and the twenty something crowd. 11 Collezioni, cxx Emporio, 94 A/X retail outlets and 60 Giorgio Armani Boutiques for Couture offerings • Price:Positioning in high-grade, aim at wealthy . Armani as high-end luxury brands, the main target use group is the high-income class, successful man, a noted film star, senior white-collar workers, etc. ), the main products are men’s clothing brand.\r\n'

'Macbeth and Jane Eyre Essay\r'

'Macbeth by Shakespeare and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte have a similar theme. In both the refreshful and play, there is a contender pass on somebody else on. In Macbeth, skirt Macbeth edges Macbeth on to first get the better ofing mightiness Duncan and former(a) people. In Jane Eyre, Jane pushes Rochester non to be shake up and to allow go of the safety nets and devote in others. In Macbeth, Macbeth turns from having a sharp affection to a black and evilness heart, musical composition Rochester changes from having a closed heart to an open and trusting heart.\r\nAt the bloodline of the play, Macbeth is seen as a courageous pass who is loyal to the King yet is degraded from the witches’ prophecies and by his and lady Macbeth’s ambition. This is because of the weakness of Macbeth’s character and the strong force- appear of doll Macbeth and how she is easily able to forge him. Her strength motivates him at the start just by and by, he reali zes what he has d ane, but stock-still decides to continue to go down his murderous, bloody(a) path. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth appears as a kind marital woman of Macbeth’s but underneath lays a scheming and treacherous woman. She watered his root and started the never-ending growth of the beanstalk from Jack and the garret Stalk. Macbeth however was his own sunlight and let the plant just keep on increment higher with much and more thorns.\r\nThe first time she waters the cum is when they first hear that King Duncan is quiescency over their house that night. Lady Macbeth asks her married man when the King would leave. Macbeth answers that the baron would leave the pastime day. Lady Macbeth tells him otherwise however. â€Å"O, never shall sun that morrow see… Your hand, your tongue: look equivalent th’ innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t.” She tells him that she has to kill the king and nobody would expect it bec ause he is beingness hospitable and letting the king cling at his house. To the King Duncan and the rest of the people, Lady Macbeth seems to be a nice saucy lady. However, she is really tricky and conniving. At First, Macbeth tries to endure break through last minute. He says, â€Å"We leave alone proceed no further in this business: he hath honored me of late, and I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people, which would be worn now in their newest gloss, not cast aside so soon.”\r\nHe says that the king has only been nice to him and is a wise man and does not necessity to get rid of him so soon. Lady Macbeth shrewdly answers that he is a coward for not wanting to go through with it and that he is not a man unless he does. Macbeth is convinced by her argument and decides to go through with it. Later that night while the king was fast asleep, Macbeth killed him. later on the murder, Macbeth got paranoid and started to kill people left and justly in order t o mention original nobody would find out slightly the assassination he commit against King Duncan. That is an example of how Lady Macbeth stated the seminal fluid to sprout, but once it would come out of its shell, Macbeth could not put it back and rather would make it keep on growing until it would kill him.\r\nJane Eyre and Edward Rochester are soul mates. When two people are meant for each other, they present sour of each other. In this circumstance case, Mr. Rochester feeds off of Jane more then the other way around. When they first meet at Thornfield, Rochester is cold and bitter while Jane is act to be as nice and strong as she can be. When he locomote off of his horse, he sprained his ankle. When she sees him fall, she runs to him and asks, â€Å"Are you injured, sir?” forward even finding who he is or where he comes from. Her primary focus is to make sure that he is all right. He keeps telling her to go home but she insists on helping him. Later in the co nversation, he realizes who she is but still has no idea who he is. Only posterior she learns who is the man she helped. That is the first time he meets someone who is nice to him without having secret intentions tramp it to get a reward or just to get on his unassailable side. From that moment on Jane and Rochester feed off each other to grow to drive happy people.\r\nA few weeks subsequently Rochester fell off his horse, somebody tried and true to kill Rochester by putting his get on on attempt during his sleep. It is suspected to be Bertha, his underdone wife. Jane sees smoke come out of Rochester’s room. She runs to his room and puts out the fire and saves his life. He feels indebted to her and invites Jane to have dinner with him. They both think the other one is not so physically attracted. After speaking during dinner however, they start to equivalent each other’s personalities. He later throws a party where a beautiful lady by the let out of Blanch e Ingram attends. Rochester and her are suppose to get married but Jane gets in the way. Rochester realized that he could not marry Ingram because he realizes that he is in hunch forward with Jane. After many a(prenominal) incidents and complications to get married, Jane runs away.\r\nWhile she is away, Bertha Mason, a crazy woman who is Rochester’s first wife, burn down down the house and kills herself and at the same time blinding Rochester. Jane hears Rochester screams her name well-nigh a year after she leaves. She magically hears it somehow and is able to tell that the person shouting is Rochester. She goes back to Thornfield and they marry. While he is blinded, he trusts her with his life and lets her guide him all over without being scared. A few months after they get married, thanks to her love for him and his love for her, he is able to see again.\r\nShakespeare’s Macbeth and Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre are two great stories that share a theme. Al though the outcomes are slay opposite, they both have someone bear on the other person in a positive or negative way. In Macbeth, unfortunately, the evil seed grew inside Macbeth’s body and caused him to go on a murder rampage. In Jane Eyre, fortunately, Jane is there to kill the sprout of the bad plant and imbed a kind-hearted, lively, and firm maple tree.\r\n'

'Preparation narrative report Essay\r'

'My fancy in transferboard is actu bothy memorable for me, e precise mean solar sidereal mean solar twenty-four arcminutes your solelyton to apprize it. My experience goes this way, trip to Manila. I’m truly excited and when at the embrasure i’m very disappointed because our CoOJT’s from LPU Laguna is few amiable of â€Å"maarte” and we met our STO Sir Joepet a very kind STO and I re aloney bid him.\r\nsee more than than:examples of narrative report\r\nWhen we embark at the send forth I sapidity a little bit unquiet nevertheless non because of I’m of I’m afraid that the transport is going to sink department underway I’m afraid of what if I substructure’t do completely depute that they argon going to give us. afterwards fixing our things we go straight to the multi settle direction for our orientation, after that our STO gave us a cadence to familiarization we proceed to the Island feast w here (predicate) the hinderanceer accommodation eat their meal.\r\nWe woke up very earliest and to be exact 2am for us not to be late in our art. We atomic number 18 14 so we 7 pairs and my teammate is Erika my dear fri rest. Our first-year calling is at the Island fiesta, its really a Fiesta because of 80% of the riders ate at Island Fiesta. our magazine of handicraft is 10hrs entirely its s humiliated sched were in we harbour a duration to rest, in Island Fiesta it measures how long your labor is, how trusty you argon in merchandising and convincing power sales talk. at first I’m fainthearted however when I find it raise and fun I really come whoopie it I really do my scoop up to call all attentions of the passengers and we fox a good sales, after that I was position to dining and I do bussing pop give away be first complicated and problematic to do further at the end I cook a go at it regular if the some una managewise passengers be irrita ting and annoying.\r\n guerrilla trading is maintain I really make whoopie it curiously the icing issue things and daltogether back do even though the sensation passing(a) is snob I suave enjoy and in our third duty in Quik Mart we exchange snacks and beverages we outshout and shout walk and walk, some ages could by passengers and somemagazines the passengers get ghastly of us because we do-nothing’t understand them, and their pronunciations is very effortful to understand. Forth duty at the front office I got mad because in solely duty we clean stand at that place after our duty my legs aches. Our fifth duty is at the caboose or kitchen I really enjoy it the chefs atomic number 18 very kind they are all approachable and funny they make us laugh the whole duty, and the business they gave us to slice 100 kilos bittergourd and desquamation other staff. And fodder in place is errr! some ages tasteless some successions they are very rich in salt, and the pabulum is just the same the whole OJT. And the casuals are very delicate and kind remote the other trainees seems they are the bus or supervisor.\r\n-Angelica Dominguez\r\nHRM 3A\r\nâ€Å"My Magical Experience on temporary”\r\n whitethorn 14, 2014 was the twenty-four hours when we leave Nueva Ecija and go to Tondo, Manila(North Harbor Pier4) to start our Practicum1 at Ship. On this day in addition was our first voyage(Manila to Cagayan de Oro). when we already board at the beam, the first thing we do is tinct and greet our STO Mr. Joepet Gallego discussed and issued the rules and regulations while were on the ship as substantially as our schedule and we too had our tour on ship to familiarized any department of the ship.\r\nOn the next day, whitethorn 15, 2014 we already started our first duty at Island Fiesta aliment court wherein we bussed out, we served etc.,. On my first day on the ship I fell boring, but when the day had been passed I enjoyed either secon d, minute, hour and old age with my co-trainees. I already acquire to venerate what I am doing because they all set me well curiously casuals, they treated us good. We in condition(p) a circulate from them and we leave alone never forget this experience. I raft tell everybody that this experience is magical because it helps me to obtain up and turn a grow one.\r\n-Erica Portacio\r\nHRM 3A\r\nI was so excited that we undergo creation a part of 2GO TRAVEL. it was so nice because all of them the casual, the crew especially to our STO,all of them, they are so very kind. They deal us their knowledge and experiences at the ship. During the beginning(a) and last day of our duty we enjoyed being a trainee together with my married person. I wise to(p) a locoweed on this prepare that you need to treat all passengers good, paying attention them and translate them that they are welcome,and even when passenger assert bad words all you chamberpot do is make a face show to them that looks same nothings happen.\r\nI experience in this ship that its hard to become a employee because even they are tired no matter what’you need to welcome them with a beautiful smile. This On-the-job training undergo was very gifted because it was my 2nd time to travel on board. I could plausibly say that I really wise(p) a lot of things there’and i layabout similarly say education is not just seen in the tetrad corners of the board. i am hapy and proud because we come to an end our duty and it is a great retention to remember in our college life.\r\n-Princess Tagaro\r\nHRM 3B\r\nHaving my OJT at 2GO set off is really enjoy. I’ve acquire a lot especially in time management. We duty in the 6o’clock in the morning, so we need to wake up early. We acquire how to socialise in other people. I gained more knowledge close to my socio-economic class. I gained more friends because the bonding in our room. And we enjoy to go other places here in the Philippines. When we are on the ship, they taught us about the history, mission and vision of the company, bodied values, vessels, facilities and redevelopments of our prescri tush logistic company. They in addition told us about the training rules and regulations, raw material house rules and standards like the standards of courtesy and decorum on board, uniform requirements and grooming standards. to a fault familiarize with the safety alarm, signs and symbols. Most of all, we are very happy because our temporary breeding Officer is very nice, he comeback attending of us while we are on our duty. And all of the employee in the ship is very friendly. This is very memorable experience in my OJT.\r\n-Mariel Miranda\r\nHRM 3B\r\nAs an Hrm Student, we were required to feign On-the-job training related to our course. I decided to take my Ojt at MVSJP II, a vessel from 2Go travel. I started my Ojt on May 14, 2014. On our first day on the ship, we took a lecture hea ded by our STO or Shipboard Training Officer, Mr. Joepet Gallego, then he gave us our assignments of duties. Our duties revolved on forage and Beverage, Housekeeping, and crusade Office Department.\r\nOn the fodder and Beverage Department, I have experient a lot of encounters from bussing out dishes, serving foods, setting up the table, and kitchen works. I can say that I’ve larn bunch of things there like the prissy way of talking to the clients and to work bedeck under pressure. On the Housekeeping Department, we cleaned, took out trash, and do â€Å" bed making” on the different accommodations of the ship. I have put on my knowledge on bed making which I have learned from schooltime and made my work easier. Also, on this department, we have designate to facilitate passengers to their rooms or accommodations, this was very enjoying because I was able to meet different people. On the Front Office, it was a must to always wear your smile in every situatio n. I have learned here to always encumbrance calm and nice to the lymph glands whatever their way was. I have likewise learned the graceful way of grooming myself.\r\nThe whole Ojt experience for me was very challenging but fun . I have practised and developed a lot of my skills. As a trainee, I’ve learned to conform to strictly on instructions. I ameliorate my self confidence and somehow became more sociable to people. I’ve learned to become flexible, to act professional and be polite at all times. I became assured to treating the customer’s right. I’ve learned to enjoy my work and my workplace, and to enjoy running(a) with the people around me. I can say that I gained a lot of knowledge that I can apply in the near future, and I can say that I chose the right the course for me. 2go Travel’s MVSJP II offers good working environment, which made my experience very enjoying.\r\n-Samantha Ellaine Beltran\r\nHRM 3B\r\n fares other functions as may be given by my supervisor from time to time and maintain cleanliness and orderliness of assigned at all times, serves meals to the passengers following to the victorian food handling procedures and dishs in the segregation and issuance of stock from the store room and performs suggestive selling proficiency to affix sales and ensures that no unauthorized force-out take out serving from the food on display for sale and relieve meals and line performs other functions as may be given by the housekeeping supervisor from to time.\r\n-Verna Salamanca\r\nHRM 3B\r\nThe first time I saw the ship I matte nervous and excited, when the time the ship is current that iniquity I founding father’t know what I really feel. The night in any case I can’t sleep because i feel a little beat scared because of the ship is swaying.\r\nThe first day of my duty is in Quik mart, my partner is Benjie Cardenas, He is also my partner in my whole OJT in the enshrine Pope John Pau l II. all day in my duty we enjoyed together, the casual of the ship and my co trainee from other school.\r\nI’m very thankful, blessed and happy for being a part of the temporary training, 15 days working hard but full of learning and also happiness. A lot of moments once in a lifetime. I can say that my OJT exit never forget in my whole life.\r\n-Byron Macalinao\r\nHRM 2B\r\nMy on-the-job training experienced is very happy because that is my first time to travel the diff. parts of the Philippines. At first, I felt so excited and also nervous. Our first day in the ship is just an orientation. My first experience in OJT training, me and Byron assigned in Quik Mart. I feel shy and nervous, the we sell clothing, we enjoy it because purportedly turned just like itinerant.\r\nSecond day in housekeeping also we assigned. We meet Sir Toto, he is the kindest crew, he taught the technique in how to bed making etc. We experienced to mop a staircase, we also assign ports. It is not easy because it’s too many passengers need to assist but it is okay because we requested the hotel manager assigned. We also experienced the Island Fiesta rugged because too many passengers eating. Also taught becoming bus out, I enjoy it even fatigue. We also dropped in Cagayan to buy goods and also flesh out, food trip. The street food in Cagayan was very delicious. so in Cebu we go to the most important ancient church and the Magellan’s Cross.\r\n-Benjie Cardenas\r\nHRM 2B\r\nDuring my OJT, I learned how to be a responsible in my accept way, on the first day of my OJT, I feel nervous but I’m so excited, I learned how to love, care and respect our customer. Me and my partner experience or encounter some trials or problems but we solve it because we helped apiece other. This OJT is memorable moment and I can say that this is one of the best part of my college life.\r\n-Jommel Caba\r\nHRM 2A\r\nI have a lot of experience at the 2GO Travel Shipboard. begin ning, to prevail guest, if what they need in the front desk. Second, on how to serve the food and to bus out. Third, to sell a result even though it’s expensive to the other guest, but they obligated to but it. Fourth, on how to bed making, to clean the cabin or accommodation. Fifth, at the caboose or kitchen, I wind a lot of vegetables and sometimes my own finger . And of course, the casuals and our STO, their so good to us, they like friends, brothers and sisters to us. But all in all I enjoyed, that was a best experienced I’ve ever feel. I will not forget those experience at 2GO Travel, and I will lost(p) them. give thanks YOU!!\r\n-Princess Cammille Ferrer\r\nHRM 2D\r\nAt first I feel nervous because I don’t have any composition on what we do while were staying there but then there’s a feeling that I’m so excited to feeling onboard. Then, we met Mr. Joepet Gallego our Shipboard Training Officer (STO). His a nice person, he tours us onboard then he train us everything onboard, accommodation and other facilities. On my first duty, we assigned at the front office, I feel worldly ïÅ' but the day past, we all acquiring haggard, we need to woke up as early as 3am to arranged ourselves for everyday duty. I experience a lot of thing that on shipboard experience. At first, yeah it’s so hard to work especially on Island Fiesta but time after time it’s become easy because we enjoyed what we’re doing. deuce weeks was done, I feel bad because I know I will missed my days with other OJT’s, the casuals that teach us how to work easy and most especially I missed my new friends, the person who make me laugh every time even we’re tired we have a time to talk on everyone’s experienced \r\n-Jaymie Natividad\r\nHRM 2D\r\n stopping point May 14, our OJT start. The name of our ship is MV St. Pope John Paul II. During the day of my duties I felt so nervous and excited especially on the first day because I am a first timer so they teach me how to assist guest and serve customer. Then after a long time of being there I learned the diff. ways/ techniques on how to deal with the customer. Having a successfully completed 300 hours of OJT on the ship I learned a lot of things like on how to socialize with other people. I easily curb my temper to the customers that are very demanding and not talk nicely.\r\n-Aira Jane Canlas\r\nHRM 2D\r\nDuring our On the line of descent Training at MV holy man Pope John Paul II, we were assign at eight different types of areas at the shipboard like Front Office, loyal Mart, Galley, celestial horizon, Island Fiesta, Cabin, Mega respect and Super Value. Every day we have a rotation for those different areas. First week of our practicum at the shipboard was not easy for me because every day we have to the different kind of chore for that area, so the crew teach us like on housekeeping at the cabin we learned the bed making, pass over folding and on different rooms we also do cleaning passengers room, the solacement room and we also do trash out. At the Front Desk , we were great and assist the passengers about their concerned, at Restaurant like Horizon and Island Fiesta we were serving foods for the customers, basso out, washing dishes and cleaning the table. we are also selling foods and beverages at the Quik Mart.\r\nAll cluster teach us well for what we were doing on their area and they treat us like their family also our STO Mr. Joepet Gallego who rounded every hour to see were doing , check our attendance and care for us when one of us are sick, we met a lot of student in different schools they are our co-trainees.\r\nPracticum at MVSJP was unforgettable we were well trained and learn to be organized for every aspect. We learned to be patient and control our temper because we were connecter a lot of people every day who have different attitude. For all of that we enhance our confidence, socia lization and skills.\r\n-Nelissa Paz\r\nHRM 2D\r\nDUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES\r\nA. Front Office\r\n moderate customer service skills\r\nFacilitate registration and rooming-in of guests\r\nHandle guest’s requests and inquiries\r\nManage safety fix boxes and lost and found service\r\n dish up in the in-house entertainment services\r\n new and organize the Front Office\r\nB. First Class Dining taproom/ Horizon\r\n gift customer service skills\r\n act out food portioning\r\nTake guests’ orders\r\n officiate guests’ orders\r\nBus out dishes\r\n lick the dishes\r\n orderly the First Class Dining bar\r\nC. Economy Dining Saloon/ Island Fiesta\r\nApply customer service skills\r\n course out food portioning\r\n play out sanitation and hygiene standards on food for thought and Beverage areas Bus out dishes\r\nWash the dishes\r\n rinse the Economy Dining Saloon\r\nD. Ship Shop/ Quik Mart\r\nApply customer service skills\r\nSell intersection\r\nClean Ship Shop\r\n uncl utter sales report\r\nE. Galley\r\nCarry out inspection of finished product prior to servicing to customers Apply proper handling of foods for delivery\r\nClean cutlery, pots and the galley equipment\r\nCarry out proper computer memory procedures like sorting, labelling ,FIFO Method Prepare raw materials for food processing\r\nF. Housekeeping- Cabin\r\nApply customer service skills\r\nPerform housekeeping inspections\r\nClean guests’ accommodations\r\nClean restrooms in cabins\r\n lenify bed\r\nG. Housekeeping-Tatami/ Mega Value\r\nApply customer service skills\r\nPerform housekeeping inspections\r\nClean guests’ accommodations\r\nClean cosmos comfort room\r\nClean hallway areas\r\nH. Housekeeping-Economy/ Super Value\r\nClean hallway areas\r\nClean lobbies and consider decks\r\nApply customer service skills\r\nPerform housekeeping inspections\r\nClean guests’ accommodations\r\nClean public comfort room\r\n'

'Demonstrative Speech Fitness Program\r'

'TOPIC: â€Å" deputation H. A. R. D. Body” My Exercise Program GENERAL offer: Persuade SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To persuade my sense of hearing to action my restless usage program for the surprisingly turbulent and effective results CENTRAL IDEA: My work out(a) program consist of a 15 sensitive morning and night exercise schedule, foc ingestions on on the substantial the major muscle group areas, and includes a unproblematic diet plan that leads to a lean, muscular, and sexy dust, fast! INTRODUCTION I. Fellas envision your self with a mouth six-pack and muscular physic grabbing all(a) the ladies watchfulness while at the beach. II.Ladies envision yourself flavour standardised this, and cerebrate of all the jealous and envious girls who departing hate on you because every guy breaks their tell apart when they see you. III. Hi, my name is Pierre Earlington, and Today I entrust be talking about a simple diet and exercise program, that will withdraw you in shape, he althy, and sexy as ever in no time. IV. I am an athlete and present that is currently studying to run short a private trainer and have learned the incredibly quick and easy secrets to a sexy and healthy body. V. I will first talk about… a. The schedule time to perform the workout, . Next I will describe the workout activities to be through with(p), c. And in the long run I will explain a simple personal manner of dieting to discover your body fatless and looking good. BODY I. Many of us live extremely busy lives racing constantly against time and an increase To-Do list that seems to never remainder, leading us to believe that we have no time to receive exercise in our schedule. a. What makes my exercise program so amazing is that it is broken down into two segments, break of day and night. Taking only 15 proceeding in each segment, it give notice fit into anyones schedule. i.You start by simply coiffeting your alarm clock 15 minutes earlier than you normally awak e in the morning ii. And going to bed 15 minutes later than you normally do at night 1. As soon as you awake in the morning. Before you even head to the bathroom to clangour your teeth, roll over on to that fundament, and perform my workout. 2. When you end your day, right before you go to sleep. Hit the floor again and take 15 minutes to do the workout. Think of it as a nightcap. iii. Routinely done your body and mind will get use to this morning and night exercise program, and it will become a habit that you wont even think twice about it. Transition: right away present comes the fun part) II. In my exercise, we are targeting three sections of the body. b. The upper berth body, which consists of the arms chest, and upper back. c. The middle section, which consists of the abdominals and lower back. d. And closingly the lower half of the body, your legs. iv. Now for the upper body we will perform Push-ups. Three sets of three opposite types that shred the fat from your upper body and add you ripped. 3. runner Set, Regular push ups 4. split second Set, rhomb push ups 5. And the deuce-ace set, Wide push ups v.Now the for the mid section and getting that tummy tight 6. First set Crunches. This targets the upper AB section 7. Second set, Leg lifts. This targets the lower AB section 8. Third set, Side crunches on both sides. Love handles, â€Å" sissy be gone. ” vi. Finally the lower half, Legs. 9. First set: Lunges 10. Second set, Squats †Fellas this gets the Hamstrings right and ladies this gets that butt tight 11. The final set, Toe raises †This works out those beautiful Calves vii. Guys perform 20-25 reps of each exercise, and increase as desired. viii.Ladies perform 15-20 reps of each exercise, also increase as desired (Transition: Now that you’ve worked so hard for that beautiful body, you want to keep it don’t you? So lets talk dieting) III. thither are many questionable diets and theories out there. This here is the most simplest and effective way to diet. e. Cut out Carbs and excess profit. ix. Carbs are things like bread, pancakes, doughnuts and etc… 12. Carbohydrates turn into sugar when consumed in your body. 13. Sugar is then converted into fat. (Transition: I know this may seem like an out of the question task since we all love to please our test buds, but its not that bad. f. Especially because my workout comes with a cheat day. x. One day out of the whole week you are free to eat all the sugar and carbohydrates that you want. You pick the day! (Transition: Your body will still be on the path to seemly marvelous. ) CONCLUSION I. In conclusion, I showed how my workout can fit into anyone’s schedule, II. Described the specific exercises to perform, III. And explained a simple diet to keep you in shape. IV. So ladies and gentleman follow these easy steps, break everyone’s neck, and lets get sexy for the summer.\r\n'

'Contain communism Essay\r'

'Communism had always posed a threat to the interest of the U.S. and their attitudes to fightds the U.S.S.R. had turn up they had not socialize the idea of socialism much. But it was not until February 1946 did it any come break done and the U.S.A began to act towards supporting socialism. The polity of containment meant the U.S. actively prevented the psreading of collectivism.There were several ways with which the U.S. seek to contain communism some of which were futile and others effective. However, for e real move the U.S. do the U.S.S.R. had a retaliation.\r\nOne way with which the U.S. essay to contain communism was with the use of the nuclear bomb. The dropping of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima was a method that was utilise to bring the war between the Japanese to a quick end with few loss of the Statesn lives. Described by Truman as ” the greatest intimacy in history” the bomb had a very devastating effect taking up to 70 000 lives. After that anothe r(prenominal) bomb was dropped in Nagasaki, this was curiously to impress Stalin and scare him if possible. However this was to blow up in Truman’s face. Stalin aspecting that it was an insult that he was never inform of such a apparatus by his allies was not impressed and too became more shady of the U.S. And the fact that he was in addition denied the islands in the far eastbound since he had nothing to do with the defeating of Japan also irritated him more.\r\nTruman’s attempts did not work instead Stalin sought a production of his very own atomic bomb, and alhough it was ab initio predicted the Soviet Union would get the bomb deep down 10 years, mysteriously the bomb was in the pass on of the Soviets a lot so iodinr than that, they had it within 4 years. So Truman had nothing against Stalin now. This was one of the unsuccessful convey of containing communism because it rather increased the already active tensions between twain countries during the c old war. And because it was a suspicious thing that the U.S.S.R. got the bomb so soon and the U.S. miss to mention the weapon to the U.S.S.R. suspicion between both countries increased and the gulf between the countries expanded further.\r\nanother(prenominal) way in which the U.S. tried to contain communism was through propaganda. The methods through which communism was extending its influence end-to-end east atomic number 63 was blatantly unprofessional. The method was prone the name ‘salami simulated military operation’ where by countries in easterly europium fell one by one into the influence of communism. For example, Czechoslovakia was the last democratic agricultural in eastern Europe until 1948. The elections were coming up in May simply because the communistic were blamed for the country not receiving the marshall aid the communist troupe was expected to do badly. However, before the election in that respect was a coup d’etat where the police baron took all over and removed every non-communist personnel from office. In February, representatives of opposing parties were removed and Jan Masaryk the foreign minister who contrasted communism personally mysteriously â€Å"fell out” of the window during the coup.\r\nThe Czech communists took over with little descent shed and with no help from the Soviet Union. These was how the communist parties took over in other countries, by change advance opposing parties and killing their leaders. This was the method that was used in east European countries such as Poland in 1947,Bulgaria also in 1947, in Romania and Albania, 8 countries in total were taken over using the ‘salami tactics’.and the only response the U.S. could give to this was verbal abuse. They plainly, verbally condemned the acts which were committed and were hoping that the U.S.S.R would perhaps feel guilty and meander but unluckily that did not work at all. This method of containment was p erhaps the weakest of all mehods because the U.S.A. in no way showed any opposition to the methods used. This could be pretended as slacking in the part of the U.S. to containing communism.\r\nThe closely successful was the combination of policies, that is, marshal plan and the ‘ conjure clenched fist’ policy. The compact fist was a provide of the long telegram of February 1946 by George Kennan,deputy chief of committee in the U.S. embassy in Moscow. The telegram though it was lenghty simply said the Soviet Union was â€Å"neurotic”. He sawing machine them as aggressive and insecure and reason out that there should be no compromise with the Soviet Union. Another factor that added to the development of the ‘iron fist’ attack was that the U.S. were not prepared to make the alike mistake that was made by the British. The Britains had a policy of appeasement with Nazi-Germany. They had negotiations with Hitler and gave him whatever he requested for as long as it was seen as â€Å"reasonable” but the appeasement only encouraged Hitler to ask for more and soon there was an outbreak of war in 1939.\r\nTruman and other politicians agreed that they did not want the uniform thing to happen with the U.S.S.R. so therefore the ‘iron fist’ rise was justified where by Truman refused in all to negotiate with the U.S.S.R. The Marshall plan also was another technique used. George Marshall was the new U.S. secretary of state and he had travelled through western Europe and was disheartened by the devastation he saw and was shocked by the economic crisis of the region. When he came back, he suggested that america invest in the parsimoniousness of Europe, he argued that as America was a marketing economy Europe would have been a good consumer give but if there was no way for Europe to be able to afford their goods then no profit would be made and the economy of the U.S. would suffer. indeed investment in the Europ ean economy was the solution. though he asked for 17 one million million dollars, he was disposed(p) 13 million and so this money was distributed through out western Europe.\r\nOfcourse the U.S.S.R. reacted negatively to this and also formed the comecon which organised economic assisstance to the countries of eastern Europe. But unfortunately this was no match for the Marshall plan. Added to this, in Germany, the Yalta and Potsdam agreements had stipulated that Germany be water partingd into two buffer regulates. The western zone was to be under the supervision of the western powers spell the eastern zone was under the U.S.S.R. However, in the eastern region, the U.S.S.R. continued taking reparations from Germany because of the damages of world war 2 where as, The U.S. kept putting money into the western zone. Soon it became obvious that the western zone was flourish compared to the eastern zone. This caused the Berlin blockade of 1948-49.\r\nThe U.S.S.R.’s attempt to div ide the eastern zone from the western zone. But this was where the Marshall plan and the iron fist came into play. Truman through the approach of the iron fist refused to give into these manouvres of the U.S.S.R. And with the money from the Marshall plan, the west were able to supply aid to Berliners, they flew feed and supplies to them through the Berlin airlift and they were able to provide to over 2 million Berliners. The result of this was that Stalin had to give in and brought down the Berlin blockade by May 1949. A successful combination of the ‘iron fist’ approach and Marshall plan, the west were able to gain an green light giving the situation that happened in czechoslovakia and other east European countries.\r\nAnother successful means of containing communism was the Truman principle.In February 1947, the British warned the U.S. that they could not keep their troops in Greece any longer which they had been in since 1944. But aft(prenominal) the second world war, the British government began to feel the effect in their economy as they owed 3000 million pounds. This scared Truman because he believed communism was taking over and so by March 1947 he issued the Truman doctrine that specified that any country that had a democratically elected government and was fighting off communism would be given militarial support. And so with this, support from America was given to Greece and the communists were defeated. Stalin, however saw this as â€Å"U.S. imperalism” although he had no retaliation for this because in the first place, he had kept an agreement with Churchill that Greece was an area of British influence. no(prenominal) the less, the U.S. were still able to fight off communism in Greece.\r\nThese were some of the ways the U.S. had contained communism or tried to.Through militarial means, that is the Truman doctrine and financial mean such as the Marshall plan. And also through propaganda, when they tried belittle the communist s because of their use of ‘salami tactics’. They also tried the use of terror which was the A-bomb but that proved unsuccessful. Like some of the techniques used and on the other hand, others were quite successful indeed.\r\n'

'Lesbians as Represented in Mainstream Television Essay\r'

'Lesbian images baffle been entering into principal(prenominal)stream media more and more. Some argue that this is a sign of a wider acceptance of sapphicism in westbound culture. In this paper, two mainstream tv programs, white-haired(a)’s Anatomy and Law and target: SVU, exit be looked at to assess the nature of sapphic images. It will be argued that if and when homosexuals argon portrayed in mainstream television receiver they be highly feminized, de commoveualized, and their lives ar almost everlastingly framed in styluss that appeal to heterocentric norms.\r\nThus, hoi polloi media almost always fails to provide the watchman with an high-fidelity and unbiased perception of homosexualism or homosexuality in a broader sense. gray-haired’s Anatomy has emerged onto the lesbian moving-picture show in the last twin of eld by developing Callie Torres, a beautiful, vivacious, Latino fair sex, into a lesbian in the fifth eon. A recognizeledge deve lops betwixt her and Erica Hahn, a successful, ‘sassy’, and appeal newcomer, and it gradually progresses into something more until final examinationly the two deal a buss.\r\nBefore the romance plenty flourish, Torres w remnantles with her sexuality, her fears, and her insufficiency of understanding of lesbianism. Soon after the race establishes itself, Hahn by chance breaks up with Torres and leaves the show. Typical… or is it? A season afterward, Arizona Robbins, a semi-regular of the show, comes into focusing when she blatantly hits on Torres. Shortly after, the two erupt to date and afterwards find themselves in a committed relationship.\r\nThe caput is how good a job does the show do of accurately portraying lesbians? To start, all three of the women mentioned to a higher place ar beautiful and feminine. all told three arrest eagle-eyed flowing hair †always nicely styled and maintained †and pretty faces mensurablely done up with light make-up. This is what Ann Ciasullo refers to as â€Å"sanitizing of the lesbian through her feminizing” (599). In other words, greyness’s Anatomy offers up an image of lesbians that is non in any case homosexual for the straight person audience.\r\nWhile it could be argued that much(prenominal) representations help to fight the rigid stereotypes of lesbians as ugly, neerthelessch feminists, the very far-flung nature of the ‘femme’ image in media indicates something more is leaving on (Tamsin). The have got forbidden of Focus, suggests that such feminine representations act to lower the threat of lesbianism by lull viewers that such (beautiful and feminine) women green goddess or must actually be straightaway (Kath Davies). In fact, in Grey’s Anatomy, as in more television programs, the ‘ savech’ lesbian is completely absent.\r\nAll of this suggests that the lesbian chic of the ‘90s is far from dead (Tamsin). Grey’s is well known for its scandalous omen room sex scenes. Characters, heterosexual portions that is, escape to abstruse corners of the hospital w here(predicate) they argue, make up, and make love on a regular basis. This is interesting because such scenes are practically nonexistent between Torres and Hahn or later Torres and Robbins. In fact, physical contact of any genial is somewhat limited between Torres and Robbins. An example of this can be seen in Season five circumstance 13 when Robbins` patient dies during surgery.\r\nWhen she gets home to see Torres has plan a surprise birthday party for her she bursts into rupture oercome by her grief. The pair leaves the room and at this signal you would expect a comforting hug, a loving embrace, or a reassuring kiss on the cheek from any reasonably evoke couple or from any other couple on the show for that matter, barely not in this case. Torres tells Robbins that she will explain the situation to their friends an d at that Robbins leaves. Additionally, sex scenes between Torres and Robbins are few and far between; those that exist are cut short by interruption or not shown at all.\r\nThe last mentioned is evidenced in Season five outcome 11 when the viewer is shown only the aftermath †them imposition in bed together, presumably after make love, eating pizza. It is a cute scene scarcely not a sexual scene. This is a known purpose found in most television programs or movies featuring lesbian couples and bonny one way lesbians are desexualized (Ciasullo). A notable exception to this pattern is The L Word, but it will not be the focus of this paper. Since the beginning of their relationship Callie and Arizona make believe slept together three times.\r\nThree times in an entire season and for a relationship in its beginning stages is incredibly low by Grey’s standards (or anyone’s standards really). One of these scenes is the ‘pizza scene’ previously menti oned. In other â€Å"sex” scene, Lexi Grey walks in on the two in the squander and quickly walks out; the viewer sees what Lexi sees and nothing more. The final scene implies the two may have sex, but it is not pursued any further. Considering the show develops long, base sex scenes between its heterosexual characters, following them from start to finish, the unwillingness to do the same for its lesbian characters is problematic.\r\nThis is not an isolated phenomenon. The pattern of desexualization is evident not dependable in television but also in movies as noted by Ciasullo and Yvonne Tasker in her book Working Girls (Ciasullo; Tasker). Another problem with the depiction of Torres and Robbins’ relationship is that it is often framed by the heterosexual constructs of trades union and reproduction. Tasker discusses this issue noting that by explaining lesbianism within a heterosexual context the (heterosexual) audience is assured that lesbians are regular (by h eterosexual standards) (Tasker).\r\nSuch a practice adheres to naturalized social norms while ignoring the differing reality of lesbian’s lives. After Torres’ father finally accepts her lesbianism his first header to her addresses the issue of marriage and children. She assures him that she will put on a â€Å"big white dress and bounce down the aisle” if Arizona wants to spend the rest of her life with her. Another example takes place in season six episode three, when Torres talks some being married and having a house, kids and a favourite dog with Robbins.\r\nThis description perpetuates heterocentric beliefs that heterosexual activities and institutions are fracture than homosexual ones simply because it gives no thought to the disaster that things could be different within homosexual relationships. Furthermore, this childbed to depict lesbian couples as ‘normal’ by tying them to conventional social norms suggests that homosexual practices are not normal and as such fails to altercate heterocentrism. Law and companionship: Special Victims Unit (SVU) is another show with some problematic representations.\r\nIn over 11 seasons, it has aired a total of five snappy-centred storylines and one lesbian specific episode. This discrepancy seems to invent the idea touched on in Out of Focus that â€Å"coverage of ‘homosexuality’ actually refers to gay men” (Kath Davies 91). A recent episode authorise PC features Kathy Griffin as Babs Duffy, a rude, abrasive, man-hating lesbian activist. First of all, the stereotyping evident in Griffin’s character is troublesome because it feeds into the contradict view of lesbians. visibility is important, but the cost of portraying lesbians in such a light is possibly greater than or as great as not exhibit them at all.\r\nFurthermore, this particular episode is strewn with negative or inexact images of lesbians. The episode begins with the discovery of a wom an who has been left for dead in an abandoned building. She has been attack and beaten and later dies in the hospital. It is not too long before the viewer finds out from Babs Duffy that the victim was a lesbian. Duffy makes a dramatic entrance into the detectives’ station ordering for the capture of the murderer whom she alleges is targeting lesbians. The investigation commences with a visit to the victim, now known as Alyssa’s, girlfriend.\r\nAs the episode progresses, you notice something striking †all the main lesbian characters are conventionally attractive, feminine women. to a greater extent than that though, any lesbian character who is questioned and thus comes into the focus of the camera, is also feminine and pretty. The few macho lesbians in the episode are in the background and tho noticeable. The absence of the macho lesbian is telling. Ciasullo notes that â€Å"without the signifier of the butch, the femme’s lesbianism disappears†¦ ” (Ciasullo 599). Thus, by eliminating the butch lesbian from the forefront, Law and Order: SVU effectively downplays the lesbianism of the episode.\r\n on that point is, however, one exception †the victim’s girlfriend Sharon, but tear down here on that point are issues with her representation as a butch lesbian. The fact that the show chose to make her ‘butch’ is interesting because they also make her a operative class, aggressive, even violent, woman. This in effect vilifies the butch lesbian. Sharon even conks the main suspect at one point because of her temper, and while it is important to shed light on the issue of domestic violence in lesbian relationships the choice to make Sharon, who is butch, into the abuser is not by accident.\r\nAnn Ciasullo talks close how presenting butch lesbians in this negative way makes butches into the â€Å"’oppressor,’… the ‘bad’ lesbian” (Ciasullo 600). Further still , her status as a bouncer (and thus as a member of the working class) adds to her mainstream undesirability (Ciasullo). Moreover, even though Sharon is presented as a butch or as Law and Order puts it an â€Å"aggressive,” she is simultaneously portrayed as somewhat feminine. In the first scene that we are introduced to Sharon, her long hair is pulled back into a devoid ponytail and she wraps herself up in her long feminine sweater.\r\nShe is not wearing any noticeable makeup but she is conventionally pretty. After this initial introduction she is seeming not yet labelled as a butch by the viewer. It is not until later when she appears in a p determined shirt and leather capital that it becomes evident that she is butch. It seems butch images are permitted as long as they’re not too butch and as long as the butch character is not framed in a cocksure way that could be make her desirable. Perhaps the outgo example of how lesbians are desexualized in Law and Order is in a scene between Babs and Olivia Benson, the pistillate nvestigator. In the initial taping of this scene Babs kisses Olivia, but the kiss doesn’t make it past the swell room floor. Even worse, the editing is atrocious. It cuts awkwardly from Babs angle of dip in to Olivia proclaiming that she is straight and something is noticeably missing. The kiss may not be necessary to the plot, but to throw quality in order to remove it demonstrates how f functionful the media are of lesbian sexuality. Further evidence lies in the fact that a kiss between Babs and Elliot Stabler (the manlike investigator) that happens at the end of the episode remains untouched.\r\nHowever, this revelation, that Babs isn’t actually a lesbian, has a lot of problems on its own. The discovering that Bab’s has a boyfriend, plays on the â€Å"I know she’s a lesbian but… ” scenario so often found in mainstream media. This idea presents the viewer with the possibilit y that the lesbian can always become straight or as Ciasullo puts it â€Å"’unbecome’ lesbian” (Ciasullo 592). This places the heterosexual audience in a more contented position where they can entertain the idea that the attractive lesbians in the show may actually be straight. This issue comes up once again when the pretend murderer/rapist is in interrogation.\r\nOlivia pretends she is a lesbian in order to get a excuse out of him: Olivia: â€Å"You know how to correct us… you’ve got everything you consider to make me a real woman right between your legs â€â€ Suspect: â€Å"and you’d love it just like those other two [victims] did †every irregular of it” While this scene may be laid out this way specifically to show the pallid thinking of the rapist/murderer, the notion that a lesbian can be â€Å"corrected” or make straight as well the idea that cross victims enjoy being raped are never addressed and corre cted. The audience is never informed about how inaccurate these views are.\r\nWith all this said, the homosexual viewer tends to be somewhat accepting of the images in Grey’s and Law and Order, because as Clare Whatling puts it â€Å"we’re [the lesbian population] so starved, we go see anything because something is better than nothing” (86). Thus, because of the lack of representation, lesbians are more willing to accept inaccurate portrayals. This is troublesome because such images can potentially be detrimental to lesbian’s self perceptions and they’re all the more vulnerable because of the relative variation of lesbianism in mainstream culture.\r\nIn conclusion, lesbianism in mainstream television is bad and inaccurately represented. While shows like Grey’s Anatomy and Law and Order: SVU, have taken steps towards representing lesbians in mainstream media, we have to be careful to assess how big these steps really are. There are severa l issues with the representations of lesbians in these shows, some of which are addressed in this paper, others which have been left untouched. Thus, there is still a long way to go and many hurdles to surmount before lesbians can be done justice in mainstream media.\r\n'

'Creating Shared Value Essay\r'

'The following is an essay of the hold â€Å"Creating Sh ard Value” by Michael E. Porter and gradation R. Kramer. The purpose of this article is near recreating capitalism. Companies only supervised about profit maximization. This article discusses how businesses give way separated themselves from fond progress. The social club’s focus in connection in creating divided up quantify should be on health, nutrition and fair trade. According to Porter & group Aere; Kramer (2011) â€Å"Capitalism as an unparalleled vehicle for merging human needs, improving efficiency, creating jobs and building wealth”.\r\nCompanies have been strikeing for themselves and not the society as a whole. Companies mustiness reverse this and not just act on profit, but create a shared abide by. According to Porter & Kramer (2011) â€Å"The concept of shared value heap be defined as policies and operating practices that enhance the competitiveness of a community while s imultaneously advancing the economic and social conditions in the communities in which it operates.” Shared value is increase the connection between the societal and economic progress.\r\nthither are several issues this article addresses such companies ontogenesis at the expense of the community. Companies are living in the past on how to apply the shared value of creation approach. Companies are depleting natural resources, relocating overseas for cheaper stab and putting stress on the communities in which they are located. Businesses have separated business and society and must find a way to combine the 2 back together. Shared value is intertwining with the company’s success and the community’s success.\r\nThe company has prospered at the expense of the community. Companies can create shared value by meeting the needs of the society by improving existing markets and creating markets that meet the needs of the society. Companies can also create supportive clu sters where the company is located. By using shared values it will reconnect the company’s success with the improving the society (Porter & Kramer, 2011). The largest society needs that are not met in the global economy are health, housing, nutrition, help for elders, monetary security and environmental damages.\r\nCompanies are beginning to apply shared value to reconnect them with the society. Wal-Mart lessen their packaging and rerouted their trucks which in turn lowered carbon emissions and save Wal-Mart $cc million in costs. Coca-Cola and Dow Chemical have reduced their water consumption, which has resulted in less water and lower our natural resources.\r\nCompanies have cut wages, reduced benefits and go their companies overseas for lower wage costs. These cuts result in lower productivity. Johnson & Johnson helped employees stop smoking and started different health wellness programs, which in turn has saved the company $250 million in health care costs.\ r\nReference:\r\nPorter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating shared value. Harvard Business Review, 89(1/2), 62â€77. McConnell, C.R., Brue, S.L., & Flynn, S. M. (2012). Economics (19th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.\r\n'

'Information security authentication program for Moonshine Mining Essay\r'

'Moonshine tap deals with the excavation railway line related to diamond, sapphire, gold etc. Moonshine mining maintains all its intellectual appropriateties and opposite(a) important documents in 3 internal servers in Perth head office. This selective schooling is actually confidential to the dream showy. This info should be available only to the internal moon shining employees and separate authorized personnel’s. Moonshine has place the potential risk of infection for the information assets through the risk assessment procedure.\r\nTo overcome these risks, comme il faut documentation and other security procedures must be use in the administration. Each and either order acting has its own disadvantages and advantages, the proper investigation and study must be performed to take the best fit method for the transcription. Introduction estimator security must be an integral distinguish of the presidential term. calculator Security is the protection af forded to an automated information system in order to attain the applicable objectives of preserving the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information system resources.\r\nThrough the woof and application of appropriate safeguards, security helps the organization’s mission by protecting its physical and pecuniary resources, reputation, legal position, employees, and other tangible and intangible assets (NIST 2006). many a(prenominal) organizations be spending millions of dollars in data processor security. information touch system security policies and goals should be inline with the organization mission and policies. Computer security should be actually equal effective. specialised teams must be formed in the organization for monitoring and controlling the calculator security policies and procedures.\r\n elemental Security policies should be fol wiped out(p)ed in Moonshine bon ton Computer security policies must be r to each oneable by anyone in th e organization. Each and every(prenominal) bingle personnel in the organization is responsible for implementing and maintaining the calculating machine security. User substantiate must be provided for solve various problems related to computer security. Help desks ar involve to be created for this type of lose. Additional support merchantman be any helpline and online chat. Softwargon support should be available in the organization. Various restrictions are needed to be imposed on the physical exertion of several kind of software in the organization.\r\n licence and evidence software are recommended for trouble turn working environs. Backup plan should be implemented and followed carefully for restoration if disaster or irretrievable errors ca utilise. Media should be properly maintained and periodic assessments are to be needed. Login information should be kept hush-hush and several log records are to be assed for detect unauthorized user access. Basic security feat ures uniform firewall, antivirus software are to be made sprightly in the system. Integrity checks and other checks are to be performed frequently.\r\nDocumentation and aid are the important activities needed to be done regarding computer security. credentials earmark is very important for maintaining the computer security. Each and every personnel must be authenticated for accessing the information resources. There are many types of assay-mark methods. It bottom of the inning be broadly classified into deuce categories, Biometric assay-mark and Non Biometric enfranchisement. The authentication must be implemented with the proper security algorithm to avoid intrusions. Many authentication schemes are developed over the years.\r\nSeveral hashing and other schemes are combined to make the better authentication protocol. Privacy through Biometric Authentication It is base on identifying the person base on their personal and behavioural traits. There are several biometric authe ntication methods worry finger soft touch wisdom, manifestation science, iris recognition. approximately the distinct advantages of biometric method are users need not needful to remember password/codes, permanent characteristics and succour of use. Finger print authentication: Finger print authentication is the basic biometric authentication method.\r\nThe patterns available on ridges and valleys of person’s finger are alone(predicate) for every individual (Harris D. 2000). Several algorithms are available in the market to grotesquely identify the persons based on the patterns. The finger print authentication lavatory be implemented in moon mining company with a very lowly add up of investment. The cost of installing devices and other software required for finger print authentication would be very minimal when compared to other biometric authentication methods. When compared to non biometric methods the database size would be litter larger for biometrics method s.\r\nSince the topics of users in the moon mining company is very little the biometrics method thunder mug be comfortably implemented without any trouble. Finger print authentication method is not very much worthy for moon shine mining company because in the mining company the person works with readiness of dusts and smoke. Some readers efficiency not recognize the foul-smelling and dusted hands. Since it is a mining company persons whitethorn bring on many cuts in their hand so the readers whitethorn not work properly in those situations. most of the time users might wear gloves in their hand, they might feel uneasy to remove for each and every time for the authentication.\r\nFace recognition Face recognition is another basic biometric authentication method. In this method, the persons baptismal font is captured using camera or infrared waves and it is authenticated with the existing database. The spatial geometry in the attend is shadowervass to uniquely identify th e face. The face can be easy recognizes with variety of seventh cranial nerve expressions or change of hair style etc. The advantages of face recognition it is the contact free process. The database should be maintained with facial information of the users. The change in the face is very minimal.\r\nThe moon mining company can pick this method of authentication. The cost of capital punishment is to a fault not so high. Some of the disadvantages include detecting the face mask and low light environment (Vijayan 2009). Since it is a mining company it would operate in low light areas, so proper methods must be chosen to avoid low light environment problems. People from some ethnic groups and nationalities won’t expose the face to outer world. In those situations the face recognition it is not possible to implement. Iris knowledge Iris recognition is one of the latest methods of biometric authentication.\r\nThe grim area that surrounds pupil is used for the identification of the persons (Daouk 2006). every(prenominal) people have unique color pattern. It is to a fault a non contact method of authentication. The cost of implementation is little high when compared to other methods. It is very unfaltering and robust. The latest iris technologies are very mesomorphic in recognizing the patterns even though they are cover with the contact lenses and glasses. Iris based authentication is recommended if the moon mining company wants high end ascendent for the biometric authentication and ready for little high investment.\r\ndigital Signatures A digital signature is an automated method of verifying our usual handwritten signatures. The various features like speed, pressure, nodes etc are corroborate for authentication. This method is based on behavioral aspect of the person. It is simple method for authentication. It has many disadvantages like it can be imitated by others easily; signature is tending to change slowly by time. It’s not so safe to go with this type of authentication method. Privacy through Non Biometric Authentication The non biometric method for authentication is very common in the organization.\r\nIt is simple and easy to implement. No extra fundament is required to implement these authentication methods. It is very cost effective method. RFID Authentication method The privacy can be provided by ensuring the proper authentication weapon in practice. Several authentication protocols are used in existence systems. The authentication will be performed in the readers and authentication parameters and value are livestockd in the RFID tags. The RFID readers would be available in each and every computers of the moon shining company.\r\nOne of the common practices is store common password in all the RFID tags to be used. Whenever the tag is read if the password matches the other processing is done else the tag would be neglected. Another method for authentication is to assign store all the RFID tags unique numbe r in database, when the tag is detected the number is cross checked with the database for authentication. Despite the numerous benefits of RFID systems, it has a couple of(prenominal) pitfalls and some common problems. The main security flagellum in the RFID system is the privacy security breaches. every last(predicate) the information is stored in the RFID tags.\r\nThe RFID tags can also be read by others who have the RFID readers. The data can be read and modified in the tags by any one using the RFID readers (Moscatiell 2007). The RFID systems may be snap offd if several RFID tags are processed together. The RFID tags can send only to one RFID reader at instance. If two RFID readers are accessing a single tag, there may be a junk or collapse in the system. Other Radio signal commotion can violate some of the properties of the RFID systems. Some other security threats also exist for the RFID systems. Device ground Authentication:\r\nIn this device based authentication, some special secure devices are used to stupefy the passcodes. These passcodes are verified for authorizing the persons. One of the famous devices is RSA based secureId device. It uses public key encryption for generating the passcode. Each and every user will have a small hand held device to generate the passcodes. These passcode are verified using the security algorithms for authentication. This method of authentication is also suggested for moon mining company. Conclusion only the organization should follow the tight computer security principles and policies.\r\nThe basic security features must be installed in each and every computer system in the organization. All the users must be educated about the computer security principles and various threat regarding. The company can also go for the third parties for implementation and maintenance of computer security in the organization. This would help the organization to have the better security. Dedicated teams must be available for per forming and monitoring all the computer security activities. The organization will be in trouble if the computer security practices are not followed in the organization.\r\n'

'Heritage Assessment Essay\r'

'The assimilation of a mortal give the bounce change the way one figures various aspects in life. Medical professionals argon not exempt from this. Patients may be treated by one wellness check professional differently than they would be treated by the next just based on the finish the medical professional grew up in. This base lead examine the usefulness of applying the heritage judgement quill in evaluating the needs of the whole person. This author’s family and two other families submit been interviewed and in this paper it will be explained how the cultures differ from one another, as well as showing numerous similarities regarding ones view on wellness dish out. health armorial bearing in America has changed drasti ringy over the years. angiotensin converting enzyme reason for this is the recent ignore in immigration and migration to the United States. With this, the United States is experiencing more different cultures that bring different value and be liefs. This brings a challenge to healthcargon professionals as they attempt to oversee for patients as individuals.\r\nThe heritage perspicacity tool around is a list of 29 questions that can be asked regarding family, religion, traditions, demographics and viands choices. The more electropositive answers one gives the greater the person’s identification with traditional heritage is. This tool is unique due to the fact that unless you atomic number 18 siblings no two people’s answers will be the same. The questions are the same but the answers are individual. This assessment tool was beneficial when interviewing these families because it helped the interviewer to see how ones heritage sways their values and beliefs and their outlook on the sizeableness of health care. development this tool besides shows the uniqueness of different cultures and how beliefs are passes from generation to generation. Another interesting thing the assessment tool does is that it s hows interesting similarities between people from different cultures as well.\r\nThe heritage assessment was used in analyzing the writer’s heritage and all 29 questions were answe trigger-happy with mostly positive answers. This writer’s family has richly expectations regarding their healthcare. Modern medicine is the choice for this family and healthcare is truly important to them. Yearly checkups with a primary care provider are sought out. Healthcare is paying for victimization an insurance health plan and gold to cover deductibles. However, this family’s heritage likewise includes any(prenominal) older home base remedies. The elders used to believe that if you had feverishness they could use rubbing alcohol and bath you in it and it would make the fever go away. This culture also believes you should avoid chocolate to prevent acne. There is also a belief that eating carrots could make your eyesight better. These wives tales have been passed from gen eration to generation.\r\nThe preferred food for this family was red meats and the only common health problem appeared to be hypertension. The second family assessed came to the United States as migrant workers in the early 1960’s from Mexico and started having a family here and have been In the United States since. This family also had mostly positive results on the assessment tool. This family has high beliefs in preserving their radical’s traditions. This family did report that due to finances contemporary medical treatment was not of great importance to them. This family reported that world of lower income they had to use what they call a Curandera( witch doctor) for medical purposes. The Curandera is trusted in the Mexican culture to give healthcare advice and remedies. This family prefers using the Curandera for reason such as being in the states illegally and they feared being molded in if they went to ultramodern medical clinics. The heritage of the Mexica ns also has many home rituals that are believed to work besides medicine. This culture uses candle burning for healing purposes.\r\nThe fat from a awe’s udder is also used for cleaning pain according to this family. The diet of the Mexican culture is high in fat. This culture also believes in the â€Å" dark eye” and believes that this can cause malady or curses and they were black charms to keep this evil away. One common health problem this family reported was a trend with diabetes. The third person interviewed immigrated to America in 1969 from Greece. This family came to America Due to military purposes. The woman interviewed explained that she grew up in Athens Greece and that family and the Greek culture is genuinely important to them. This person also reported that learn her children to speak Greek even though they grew up in the US was a must. The woman interviewed, explained that health care is very important to the Greek culture.\r\nShe express that th ere is free health care for the poor. some(a) people have private insurance, but she talked of her family being farmers and they paid into a private insurance at one time a year that covered anything medical that they needed. She reports that they trance a book and all their medical treatments and illnesses are kept in this book. According to the woman interviewed many people in this culture also turn to a witch doctor for health care treatment and advice. This culture also believes in the evil eye; however this family report wearing a blue eye, or gem around their make out or on a bracelet to cherish them from the evil This family reports that one of their favorite staples is lamb. There are many things learned from a person’s heritage that affect the way we think of others and of health care needs. Being aware of the differences in cultures may help medical professionals to provide better gauge healthcare.\r\nReference\r\nEdelman, C. L. (2010). Emerging Populations and Health. In Health procession Throughout the Life Span. Healthy People 2010 (2009). destination 2: Eliminate Health Disparities. Retrieved on October 5, 2012 from http://healthypeople.gov/ info/midcourse/html/exesummary/Goal2.htm Spector, R. E.(2009). Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness (7thed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education,Inc.\r\n'

'Women S Roles In World War One\r'

'These wo manpower worked primarily with gunfire wounds and gas victims. The Fads would have to keep wounds novel, distribute painkillers, and enclose these painkillers into mens wounds. The Fanny however had a a great deal more undesirable job. Fannys would have to clean and scrub rooms that housed wounded soldiers. â€Å"Some of these volunteers even recalled having to wee rid of bodies from the hospital. ” (www. Sachem. Du/Erlenmeyer) non only did these women have to clean the soldiers wounds, but on occasion had to clean the soldiers themselves. Although volunteering as a FANNY seemed unlikable, the women were happy to help wait on the grateful soldiers.Other jobs that women did included land work. One assembly of women were The Womens Land Army. The Womens Land Army worked to bring in the harvest and maintain the farms. Anything that could be done by great deal by the WALLA was done by dig in order to save fuel. Since the need for WALLA workers was so high, rec ruiting officers neer thoroughly checked womens times. Girls at the age of only 14 were accepted after dissimulation that they were 18. Although the job was tough, â€Å"women were only paid 18 shillings a week. 12 of these shillings would be devoted to food and board, release only 6 shillings for women to spend for themselves.Considering a checkmate of pantyhose cost 3 shillings, they did not have much. ” (www. Sachem. Du/Erlenmeyer) Not only did women take over jobs to help the war effort, but they also went out and â€Å"contained” for the U. S. Soldiers. â€Å"They would provide entertainment, hand out food, cigarettes, and sweets, and sewed buttons back on uniforms. ” (WV. Www. state of warranted. Com/ hoosegow) Women would speak and dance for the soldiers to keep their spirits up. But not only did they sing and dance, but also gave lectures and demo poetry. The soldiers would look forward to seeing the women perform for them.It would deliberate t hem hope even when things were overtaking wrong. A soldier described Sarah Wailers performance saying â€Å"I shall never forget as long as I live the blessed white jell she had on the night she recited to us. We had not seen a white dress in years. There we were all ready to go into the line, and there she was talking to us like a girl from home. It sure was a great sight, you bet. ” (War And sexual urge: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa) In order to raise awareness for the war and stage their support, women began campaigns to help the war effort. One campaign in particular was the White Feather Campaign.In this campaign, women would go or so and hand out a white conjoin to any healthy looking man, trying to humiliate him for being a coward. At that time a white flight was a symbol Of unsuccessful civic duty and receiving a white feather showed the womens disappointment in that man for not going to serve his country. The point of this campaign was to shame men into going to fight. Although in many cases it proved successful, women presently stopped the White Feather Campaign because wad spoke out against it. After World War One women were looked at differently. Men realized that they could real work and take responsibility.\r\n'

'Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies\r'

'Part VI Implementing and Managing IT 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Chapter 17 IT dodging and Planning cultivation Technology Economics getting IT Applications and Infrastructure Security Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and gild Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society Movie Piracy Learning Objectives 17. 1 Perspectives on IT Impacts 17. 2 IT Is Eliminating the Barriers of Time, After studying this chapter, you leave be fit to: Space, and Distance Understand the changes that trail identify in the flirt billet and the lives of individuals when selective grooming engineer eliminates geographical and spacial barriers.Describe nearwhat of the study reserve-to doe withs of nurture applied science on individuals, cheeks, and society. 17. 3 info Is ever-changing from a infrequent vision to an Abundant preference Discuss the positive and invalidating do associated with the copiousness of cultivation everyplacehear avail adequate to(p) b y IT. 17. 4 Machines be Per airing Functions Identify the issues that arise delinquent to un flat diffusion of reading applied science cross demeanors countries and socio scotch classes. antecedently Per ground leveled by Humans 17. 5 discipline Technology Urges People to Reexamine Their appreciate Systems Understand the complexity of effects of technological rogress on labor markets and individual employees. 17. 6 Conclusion 17. 7 Managerial Issues Discuss the shock absorbers of development engineering science on the t oneness of voice of liveness and inter in-person relationships. Recognize the sanctioned, ethical, and less(prenominal)on issues that get under ones skin recrudesceicularly critical collect to prolife balancen of nurture technology. Minicases: 1. Megachurches 2. RFID for Consumer Products Integrating IT ACC FIN MKT POM HRM IS SVC 663 MOVIE buc send wordeering The Problem Generations of motion picturegoers went to depiction theaters to enjoy the latest films. They cowcatcher the idea of paying for their delineations. However, icon plagiarism, which has been reatly accele arranged by study technology, is ch altogether(prenominal)enging this nonion. Now, movie pi place ar manner of speaking the latest motion picture releases to an net-connected calculating machine beside you. For geezerhood, movie studios suffered minor losses due to advanced piracy (theft of digital con disco biscuitt) that was carried proscribed by slew duplicating moving-picture showtapes and DVDs. The inquire to allege and distri excepte physical media marched a add of technical and logistical difficulties for movie pi pass judgments, which contain the scope of their trading operations. Thus, picture studios outsizely ignored these activities. When Napster. com and around an separate(prenominal)(a)wise sites began to se the mesh clobber and peer-to-peer technologies to sh ar pirated practice of medicine, movie producers e ntangle reasonably immune to this cut. After all, it would take more(prenominal) than than than than a calendar week to transfer a 5-gigabyte DVD- fibre movie utilise a 56-kilobits-per-second modem. approximately individuals argue that piracy does non hurt film studios nevertheless, rather, makes movies available to those wad who would non be able to enjoy them vernal(prenominal)wisewisewise. Information technology that enables movie piracy produces a fall of signifi keistert issues, such(prenominal) as intellectual h grey-headeding rights, fair theatrical constituent, and the role of g everywherenment in modulate these issues. hike upmore, randomness technology makes it easier than ever to cross bailiwick borders, adding international implications to the issue of movie piracy. The Solution To mound with movie piracy, picture studio executives attacked several aspects of the chore simultaneously. First, media companies tried to shape mankind opinion in a flair that would discourage movie piracy. For instance, to raise state- surviveed awargonness of the issue, filmmakers launched an advertising lam with the guideword â€Å"Movies. They’re worth it. ” Second, the movie application actualizeed a number of ctivities that made it more difficult to worryness and distri alonee pirated movies without be noticed. For instance, 664 enhanced physical security department at movie theaters, which whitethorn take on the economic consumption of metal detectors and physical searches for pointing devices, helps the film industry deter piracy at â€Å"sneak previews” and movie premieres (Ripley, 2004). Technology plays an serious part in this member. The Results Hollywood had several towering-profile wins in its fight against profit movie piracy in 2005 and 2006. The film industry’s trade organization, the Motion PictureAssociation of America (MPAA), slapped hundreds of clutches with lawsuits for out lawedly downloading and trading films online. The U. S. departments of Justice and syndicateland Security eject down Elite Torrents, a popular vane site that spread copies of Star Wars: Episode ternion†R horizontalge of the Sith before the movie officially imparted. inventione Bram Cohen, creator of BitTorrent (a peer-to-peer file-sharing weapons platform responsible for an estimated 65% of illegal movie downloads in 2005), agreed to cut connect to MPAA-pirated satisfy off his Web site (Leung, 2006). tho the problem seems to be getting worse. tally to London- found research degenerate Informa, illegal movie downloads terms the industry U. S. $985 gazillion in 2005, up from U. S. $860 meg in 2004. festering approach to broadband comparablely played a role, as higher mesh crap speeds made downloading large movie files faster. Studio executives induce that enforcement is plainly part of the solution. As in the unison industry, m either mean the best way to obstruct illegal downloads is to stick out legal alternatives. Warner Bros. turned a technology utilise by Internet movie pi pass judgment to its advantage. In marching music 2006, in Ger more, Austria, and parts of Switzerland, the comp some(prenominal) aunched In2Movies, a peer-to-peer file-sharing earnings that lets determinationrs download movies for the price of a DVD or less. Kevin Tsujihara, the president of the Warner Bros. ’ home entertainment group, said Ger legion(predicate) has all the right ingredients for such a service: high rates of piracy due to high levels of broadband penetration, a tech-savvy population, and consumers pass oning to pay for downloaded movies. Sources: Compiled from Leung (2006) and Ripley (2004). Lessons Learned from This slip-up Obviously, learning technology is not the ca utilize of movie piracy, full as it is not the cause of music iracy. ( keep in line Online point W17. 1 for a discussion of music piracy. ) However, it is the tool that tremendously heightens the importance of legal, ethical, and regulatory issues associate to this phenomenon. Copyright, trademark, and patent infringement, freedom of thought and speech, theft of property, and 17. 1 fraud ar not novel issues in neo societies. However, as this opening case illustrates, schooling technology adds to the scope and scale of these issues. It in resembling manner raises a number of questions roughly what constitutes illegal behavior versus unethical, intrusive, or un plummy behavior.This chapter examines these and many other impacts of development technology on individuals, organizations, and society. Perspectives on IT Impacts Concern slightly the impact of technology on people, organizations, and society is not new. As early as the 1830s, English intellectuals expressed philosophical arguments most the effects of technologies that had given rise to the industrial Revolution some 60 to 70 days earlier. Samuel Butler, in his 1872 b ook Erehwon (an anagram for nowhere), summarized the anxiety about the disruptive bows of technology on the lives of people.The book exposit a society that made a cognizant conclusiveness to reject machines and new technology; in it, people deliver â€Å"frozen” technology at a predetermined level and outlawed all gain ground technological development. While thither be many philosophical, technological, neighborly, and cultural differences amidst society at the pass away of the Industrial Revolution and the society of the midriff of the Information Age in which we now live, at that place argon, nevertheless, people who continue to believe that valetkind is jeopardise by the evolution of technology. Overall, however, our society has not rejected technology yet, rather, has emb bunkd it.Most of us recognize that technology and knowledge systems are innate to of importtaining, supporting, and enriching many aspects of the lives of individuals, operations of organizations, and mental process of societies. Humans are involved in a symbiotic relationship with technology. every the same, we mustiness be sure of its effect on us as individuals and as members of organizations and society. Throughout this book, we bemuse noted how selective training systems are being rationalized, developed, employ, and maintained to help organizations flirt their packs and r severally their goals.In all these discussions, we hand over fictional that development and utilizeation of development technology produce however positive results and leave no major(ip) damaging consequences. However, is this historically true? Abundant manifest unmistakably points to probable negative effects of technology in general, and breeding technology in particular. Information technology has raised a multitude of negative issues, ranging from illegal copying of estimator packet computer programmes to surveillance of employees’ e- commit.The imp act of IT on use levels is of major concern, as are the effects on sociability and the grapheme of life. A more critical issue, however, involves questions such as: pull up stakes proliferation of technology cause irreversible changes to the society as we know it? result mercifules benefit from the new capabilities of selective information technology, or ordain they be harmed by machines p pose more and more prominent roles in the society? Who entrust investigate the termss and risks of technologies? Will society lose any control oer the decisions to deploy technology? 665 666Chapter 17 Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society This chapter pass on discuss several major themes that undersurface be identified among the countless effects of information technology. We ordain discuss how information technology re jaunts spatial and geographic barriers, transforms information into an abundant alternative, enables machines to coiffure â€Å"human” tas ks, and forces people to reconsider their value systems. Each of these trends is comprised of the effects of multiple technologies and has far-reaching implications for various groups of people. 17. 2 IT Is Eliminating the Barriers of Time, Space, and DistanceOne of the most noted developments precipitated by information technology is the elimination of numerous barriers that traditionally separated individuals, organizations, and societies at different geographic locations. In essence, information technology is redefining the entire image of while, space, and distance. Proliferation of high-speed info communication vanes that span the dry land enables companies to integrate geographically distant manu situationuring and research facilities, relate international financial markets, and even provide guest service from half(prenominal)way nearly the world.GLOBALIZATION Offshore outsourcing is iodine of the manifestations of the trend toward world-wideization†blurring of geographic barriersâ€that is accelerated by information technology. Well-educated English-speaking employees residing in countries like India and the Philippines open fire perform services demanded by firms establish in the unify States, Great Britain, or any other country. In fact, outsourcing of pink-collar services has already be bring mainstream, with software development and call-center operations being among the most prevalent.Furthermore, the outsourcing trends are naturally expanding into such activities as process of insurance claims, transcription of medical records, engineering and design naturalise, financial analysis, market research, and many others (â€Å"The upstage Future,” 2004). From a macroeconomic perspective, the effects of offshore outsourcing are instead positive: It facilitates a more competent allocation of human resources by removing the imperfections introduced by geographical boundaries. On a microeconomic level, numerous companies w ill benefit from lower cost of outsourced activities.For example, by outsourcing back- role get going to Costa Rica, the Philippines, and Great Britain, Procter & Gamble was able to re reasonableize $1 billion in cost reductions (La Londe, 2004). Nevertheless, outsourcing, as any other impact of information technology, raises an set about of complex interrelated issues that are not always positive. For instance, outsourcing whitethorn be advantageous to some groups of people, but detrimental to others. Nasscom, the Indian IT industry lobby, forecasts that employment in the â€Å"ITenabled services” industry in India will modernize from 770,000 in 2004 to 2 million in 2008 (â€Å"The strange Future,” 2004).Yet, employees and trade unions in Western nations are expressing concerns about patronage losses resulting from offshore outsourcing. The U. S. federal organisation and the volume of individual states are already considering laws that would prevent dis posal agencies from contracting their services out to contradictory firms (Schroeder, 2004). As the volume of sensitive information process offshore add-ons, outsourcing will raise the questions of privacy and confidentiality.Privacy standards in a country where information originate whitethorn vary dramatically from the privacy laws and privacy safeguards in the country where the data are processed. An incident in which a disgruntled sounder in Pakistan jeopardize to post medical records of U. S. affected roles on the Internet highlights the serious-mindedness of this issue (Mintz, 2004). 17. 2 IT Is Eliminating the Barriers of Time, Space, and Distance 667 The remarkable communication theory capabilities delivered by IT promote planetaryization not only make offshore outsourcing but in any case finished alter firms to distribute core corporate functions around the globe.TELECOMMUTING Broadband Internet penetration, secure virtual insular ne twainrks, and agile computing technologies are making it achievable for many professionals to telecommute, or formulate from outside the federal agency. According to some estimates, by the year 2010 more than half of deceaseers in the United States will put across 2 or more years a week on the clientele(p) away from the portion. However, experts estimate that even in 10 years it would be un honey oil to participation piece of workers who telecommute 5 days a week, suggesting that telecommuting would not fully eliminate the need for central office locations.From 1990 to 2000, the number of those who worked more at home than at the office grew by 23 share, twice the rate of growth of the innate labor market. Since 2000, telecommuting has proceed to increase. Approximately 4. 5 million Ameri batchs telecommute a majority of their total running(a)s days, with some 20 million commuting at least some days each month and 45 million telecommuting at least once per year. Telecommuting offers a plethora of benefits, including reducing rush-hour handicraft, astir(p) air prime(prenominal), improving highway precaution, and even improving health precaution (see IT at induce 17. ). Among the large metropolitan areas in the United States, the largest heart and soul of telecommuting occurs in Denver, Portland, and San Diego. The intercommunicate growth of IT-related tricks is on the rise. Five of the pass on ten highest-growth jobs are IT-related, including computer software engineering for applications, computer support specialists, computer software engineering for systems software, network and computer systems administrators, and network systems and data communication analysts (Bureau of take Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook; see m superstary. cnn. om/magazines/ business2/nextjobboom/), and the rates of telecommuting are expected to grow even higher. Many of these IT-related jobs fuck now be effectively performed from home, thanks to excellent bandwidt hs and mendd technologies to support telecommuting. IT at rick 17. 1 Telemedicine Helps Indian Tribe give way Better health Care The Alabama Coushatta Indian Tribe Reservation, located 45 miles outside of Houston, Texas, in Livingston County, has run intod an outmigration of its people to more metropolitan areas in search of better facts of life, jobs, and health care.Wanting to preserve its hunt down and culture, the 300-member tribe sought ways to make nutriment on the making more attractive to its young members. In partnership with Sam Houston State University (SHSU) and with $350,000 in funding from the Rural Utilities Services, a network called RESNET was occasiond to pair the information and communication gaps for residents of Livingston and surrounding counties. A fibre-optic network consociates the medical clinic on the reservation to the University of Texas Medical Branch in Polk County as healthy as to the Tyler County Hospital. Tribal members apprise ow rec eive more specialized care as two-way consultations mingled with the clinic on the reservation and the hospital in Polk County or Tyler County are now possible. Individuals with ailments that competency require hospitalization, but about which they are not authoritative(p), such as a diabetic with a concern about a swollen limb, loafer outgrowth interrupt with the medical clinic on the reservation. Vital signs faecal matter be taken and radiology images shared with the specialist physicians at one of the hospitals, and then informed decisions about whether the patient needs to travel to a hospital go off be made.This helps improve the quality of care as wholesome as saves time both for patients and for medical staff. Source: USDA (2006) and shsu. edu (1997). For Further Exploration: What are effectiveness legal problems associated with telemedicine? What are some trade-offs to be considered? 668 Chapter 17 Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society The typic al telecommuter is thoroughly-educated, financially stable, has children, works in management and/or sales, and had worked in his or her current position for several years face-to-face before starting to telecommute Balaker, 2005). Likewise, as the part of service-related jobs increasesâ€by 2002, 82 shareage of the U. S. workforce worked in service-related jobsâ€the say-so for more telecommuting also rises. It is obviously not possible for factory or awkward laborers to telecommute, but many service-related jobs do offer the potential for telecommuting. One area where telecommuting is having a promise impact is that of telemedicine. For instance, in 2001, doctors in newly York performed the first successful crossAtlantic telesurgery on a patient in Strasbourg France.The removal of the patient’s gallbladder was beared via a robotic arm that was remotely controlled by the surgeons. A fibreoptic cable seed by France Telecom enabled the high-speed link so that the images from the operating table in France were on display in front of the doctors in New York, with an average time detainment of only cl milliseconds (Johnson, 2002). another(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) areas of medicine are experiencing surges in telemedicine as hale. Replacing the couch with a monitor and video feed, telepsychiatry in particular is becoming popular, fueled in part by the need to serve countrified patients and the need to service prison populations.Data from the National conference of State Legislatures indicates that as of 2006, six states in the United States required private insurers to reimburse patients for telepsychiatry. Impacts of meeting from Home or virtual(prenominal) Office. All forms of telecommuting†running(a) from home (WFH) or a virtual officeâ€give employees greater flexibility in their working locations and hours. belonging in a virtual office is one way an employee stomach telecommute by complementary job duties virt ually anywhereâ€a car, hotel room, airport, or any hotspot.Telecommuting (or telework) played a significant role in business continuity and continuity of operations planning. Companies who had employees in New York City on 9/11 or New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina relied on telework. Their employees were able to work immediately after these tragedies because of the telework programs they had in place. The Telework Coalition (TelCoa. org), a nonprofit membership organization that promotes virtual and distributed work, conducted a benchmarking study of employers in universal and private sectors with large telework programs. Employers repre transmited roughly 00,000 employees and 150,000 teleworkers and mobile workers. The 2006 study, sponsored by Intel, looked at how these large organizations resolved problems to create successful programs that benefited the organization and employees through reduced real estate costs, change magnitude employee retention, and a higher rate of employee satisfaction. The survey was valuable because it examined details such as benefits, costs, challenges, and unexpected consequences experienced by managers. Most participants emphasised the importance of the mobility that telework enables when dealing in a global economy.To read the Executive Summary of the telework survey, visit telcoa. org/id311. htm. An raise decision was that telework was being regarded as â€Å"just work” and not an unusual form of work. As hankering as employees had a phone, laptop, high-speed Internet access, and fax, they are in business wherever they are. With the convergence of technologies, such as a radio-equipped laptop with a VoIP phone, or a new-generation PDA, work can be done from almost anywhere. Telework is also of great importance to the local anaesthetic community and society because of effects on the environs, safety, and health.For example, the potentiality of a society depends on the competency of its individuals and the strength of their families. new(prenominal) potential benefits 17. 2 IT Is Eliminating the Barriers of Time, Space, and Distance skirt 17. 1 669 Potential Benefits of Telecommuting or Virtual Work Individuals Organizational Community and Society • Reduces or eliminates travelrelated time and expenses • Improves health by reducing deform related to compromises made between family and work responsibilities • Allows finisher proximity to and betrothal with family • Allows closer bonds with the family and the community Decreases involvement in office politics • Increases productiveness in spite of distractions • Reduces office space needed • Increases labor pool and competitive advantage in recruitment • Provides deference with Americans with Disabilities Act • Decreases employee turn all over, absenteeism, and sick leave usage • Improves job satisfaction and productivity • Conserves energy and lessens habitua tion on foreign oil • Preserves the environs by reducing dealings-related pollution and congestion • Reduces traffic accidents and resulting injuries or deaths Reduces the incidence of disrupted families when people do not constitute to quit their jobs if they need to move because of a spouse’s new job or family obligations • Increased employment opportunities for the homebound • Allows the transaction of job opportunities to areas of high unemployment of telework to individuals, organizations, and communities are listed in disconcert 17. 1. There are numerous potential negative effects of telework, including a sense of isolation when working from home even though such work often requires a lot of telephone see with people in the office.Growth in telecommuting raises the questions of whether the benefits of working from home outweigh the costs, and whether telecommuting is appropriate for everyone or only for workers with certain qualities and per sonality types. Few of us want to work around the clock, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, but the compress to do so could be considerable if the facility constitutes. Another pressure whitethorn be to work antisocial hoursâ€night call forths, for example, or weekendsâ€which can adversely impact the quality of social interactions and interpersonal relationships. For more on teleworking, see Online File W17. 2. ) Globalization and telecommuting are only two examples of how information technology removes the barriers of time, space, and distance. Far-reaching results of this trend are changing the way we live, work, play, and do business, bringing both improvements that we can enjoy and the challenges that we need to overcome. In the context of organizations, these changes rescue important implications for structure, authority, forefinger, job content, and personnel issues. STRUCTURE, AUTHORITY, POWER, JOB C ONTENT, AND PERSONNEL ISSUESThe IT revolution m ay result in many changes in structure, authority, power, and job content, as well as personnel management and human resources management. dilate of these changes are shown in control panel 17. 2. In addition, other changes are expected in organizations. IT managers are expect a greater leadership role in making business decisions. The impact goes beyond one company or one hang on chain, to influence entire industries. For example, the use of profitability models and optimization is reshaping retailing, real estate, banking, transportation, airlines, and car renting, to mention just a few.These and other changes are impacting personnel issues, as shown in Table 17. 3. Many additional personnel-related questions could surface as a result of use IT. For example: What will be the impact of IT on job qualifications and on drilling 670 Chapter 17 Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society turn off 17. 2 Impacts of IT on Structure, Authority, Power, and Job Content Im pact onus of IT Flatter organizational hierarchies IT increases span of control (more employees per supervisor), increases productivity, and reduces the need for technical experts (due to expert systems).Fewer managerial levels will result, with less staff and line managers. Reduction in the total number of employees, reengineering of business processes, and the ability of lower-level employees to perform higher-level jobs may result in flatter organizational hierarchies. The ratio of white- to blue-collar workers increases as computers replace clerical jobs, and as the need for information systems specialists increases. However, the number of professionals and specialists could decline in relation to the total number of employees in some organizations as well-grounded and noesis-establish systems grow.IT makes possible technology centers, e-commerce centers, decision support systems departments, and/or trenchant systems departments. Such units may contrive a major impact on o rganizational structure, curiously when they are supported by or report directly to top management. centralization may become more popular because of the trend toward smaller and flatter organizations and the use of expert systems. On the other hand, the Web permits greater empowerment, allowing for more decentralization. Whether use of IT results in more centralization or in decentralization may depend on top management’s philosophy.Knowledge is power, and those who control information and cognition are likely to gain power. The struggle over who controls the information resources has become a conflict in many organizations. In some countries, the fight may be between corporations that seek to use information for competitive advantage and the government (e. g. , Microsoft vs. the Justice Dept. ). Elsewhere, governments may seek to hold onto the reins of power by not letting private citizens access some information (e. g. , China’s restriction of Internet usage).Job content is interrelated with employee satisfaction, compensation, status, and productivity. Resistance to changes in job aptitudes is common, and can lead to unpleasant confrontations between employees and management. Change in blue-to professional staff ratio Growth in number of special units primalization of authority Changes in power and status Changes in job content and skill sets requirements? How can jobs that use IT be designed so that they present an acceptable level of challenge to users? How great power IT be employ to personalize or enrich jobs?What can be done to make sure that the foundation garment of IT does not demean jobs or have other negative impacts from the workers’ point of view? All these and more issues could be encountered in any IT implementation. TABLE 17. 3 Impacts of IT on Personnel Issues Impact nub of IT Shorter career ladders In the past, many professionals developed their abilities through years of experience and a series of positions th at recognize them to progressively more complex situations. The use of IT, and especially Web- base computer-aided instruction, may short-cut this learning curve. IT introduces the possibility for greater electronic command.In general, the supervisory process may become more formalized, with greater reliance on procedures and measurable (i. e. , quantitative) outputs and less on interpersonal processes. This is especially true for knowledge workers and telecommuters. The Web has the potential to increase job mobility. Sites such as techjourney. com can tell you how jobs pay in any place in the United States. Sites like monster. com offer places to post job offerings and resumes. Using videoconferencing for interviews and intelligent agents to find jobs is likely to increase employee turnover.Changes in supervision Job mobility 17. 3 Information Is Changing from a Scarce Resource to an Abundant Resource 17. 3 671 Information Is Changing from a Scarce Resource to an Abundant Resour ce Few people discord with the notion that information is a valuable resource and that increased availability of information can be beneficial for individuals and organizations alike. However, information technology’s susceptibility to introduce ever- evolution amounts of data and information into our lives can outstrip our capacity to keep up with them, leading to information overload.Business users are not suffering from the scarcity of data; instead, they are discovering that the process of finding the information they need in massive collections of documents can be complicated, time consuming, and expensive. The impact of information overload is felt not only in business circles but also in many other parts of the society, including the multitude knowledge community. At the onset of the Information Age, erudition professionals acquired never-before-seen data collection tools, including high-resolution satellite tomography and versatile sensors capable of penetratin g natural and manmade barriers.Furthermore, information technology enabled the intelligence community to establish high-speed communication links to transfer the data, build big databases to terminus the data, and use powerful supercomputers with intelligent software to process the data. Clearly, information technology has greatly increased both the amount of information available to the intelligence community and the speed at which it can test this information. However, exist computer systems and human analysts are uneffective to deal with the change magnitude volumes of data, creating the information-overload problem.For instance, according to MacDonald and Oettinger (2002),â€Å"information that might have prevented some of the September 11 attacks plainly existed somewhere within the vast quantity of data collected by the intelligence community, but the systems for using such information have lagged far stub the ability to collect the data. ” To be effective at so lving the problem of information overload, information systems must differentiate between the data that can be safely summarized and the data that should be viewed in its original form (DeSouza et al. , 2004). INFORMATION OVERLOAD INFORMATION tone FINAs organizations and societies continue to generate, process, and rely on the rapidly increasing amounts of information, they begin to realize the importance of information quality. Information quality is a somewhat subjective euphony of the utility, objectivity, and integrity of gathered information. Quality issues affect both the mere(a) collections of facts (data) and the more complex pieces of processed data (information). To be truly valuable, both data and information must possess a number of essential characteristics, such as being complete, accurate, up-to-date, and â€Å"fit for the goal” for which they are apply (Ojala, 2003).The value and usability of data and information that do not satisfy these requirements are soberly limited. Issues relating to information quality have become sufficiently significant that they now occupy a renowned place on the government’s legislative agenda. The Data Quality Act of 2001 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 trim down stringent information quality requirements on government agencies and publicly traded corporations (Loshin, 2004).For example, one of the provisions of the Sarbanesâ€Oxley Act makes oldtimer executive and financial officers personally responsible and liable for the quality of financial information that firms release to stockh olders or file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This rule emphasizes the importance of irresponsible and measuring data quality and information quality in business intelligence, corporate mental process management, and record management systems (Logan and Buytendijk, 2003). Information quality problems are not limited to corporate data. Millions of individuals face information quality ssues o n a daily basis as they try to find information 672 Chapter 17 Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society online, whether on publicly available Web pages or in specialized research databases, wikis, blogs, or newsfeeds. Among the most common problems that plague online information sources is heedlessness of materials. A number of online â€Å"full-text” periodicals databases may omit certain items that appeared in the printed versions of those publications. In addition, online sources of information leave out older documents, which are not available in digital form.Thus, one cannot be assured of having access to a complete set of relevant materials. heretofore materials that are available from seemingly reputable sources present information quality concerns. Information may have been report wrong, whether intentionally or unintentionally, or the information may have become out of date (Ojala, 2003). These and other information quality issues are modify to the foiling and anxiety that for some have become the unfortunate side effect of the Information Age. netmail THE DIGITAL DIVIDEjunk e-mailming, the practice of indiscriminately broadcasting unsolicited messages via e-mail and over the Internet, is one of the most far-flung forms of digital noise. Spam is typically directed at a person and presents a considerable annoyance, with 70 portion of users indicating that â€Å"spam makes being online unpleasant” (Davies, 2004). adhesive friction unsolicited electronic messagesâ€spamâ€accounts for more than 66 part of all e-mail traffic on the Internet. several(prenominal) 25. 5 billion spam messages were sent in 2004 (reported by Defacto, 2005).This volume of messages significantly impairs the bandwidth of Internet service providers and places excessive capacity demands on mail servers. In electronic commerce, spam can delay transactions and can cause problems in supply irons where business data are exchange through spe cially configured e-mail accounts (Davies, 2004). Spam hurts businesses even more by lowering the productivity of employees who have to deal with unwanted messages. Spam can originate in any country, making the anti-spam statute law of any given country largely futile in keeping spam out.The 2004 Ferris search carry on spam found that the average amount spent on anti-spam products was $41 per user per year, so for a company with 10,000 employees, this would total $410,000 for the company per year. 34 percent of the resolveents in the Ferris study indicated that between 50 and 74 percent of all incoming messages were spam. Fortythree percent reported that managing spam was a major managerial concern. Of the approximately 500 organizations studied, 56 percent had already employ antispam software with another 30 percent planning to.For the 14 percent that did not plan to implement spam software, the major reason was the upkeep of â€Å"false positives”†that is, the concern that messages that are quite important will be filtered as junk. In fact, unless employees now and then browse their junk mail, they might very well miss important messages. Thus, in addition to the cost of the software, there is no way around the fact that spam costs organizations in terms of employee time. See Online File W17. 3 for discussion of the U. S. Can-Spam Act.Internet service providers and software companies have embarked on a technological campaign to eradicate spam. Mail-filtering software and other technologies have made it more difficult for spammers to distribute their messages. However, spammers have responded with fanciful new schemes to defeat the anti-spam solutions. The battle of innovations and counterinnovations between spammers and anti-spam companies continues. Some of the major anti-spam software providers include SpamAssassin, Symantec, Network Associates McAfee, TrendMicro, GFI, SurfControl, and Sophos.Technologies enabling access to information are not distributed equally among various groups of people. For some people, information continues to be a meagre resource, which puts them at a comparative economic and social disadvantage. The gap in computer technology in general, and now in Web technology in particular, 17. 3 Information Is Changing from a Scarce Resource to an Abundant Resource 673 between those who have such technology and those who do not is referred to as the digital distribute.However, by 2003, nearly nose candy percent of the public schools in the United States had Internet access (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2005). Not only has the divide in terms of access per se been reduced, but the divide in terms of the quality (or speed) of access has been reduced. By 2003, 95 percent of public schools used broadband connections to access the Internet, as compared with 80 percent in 2000 and fewer than 15 percent in 1996. Greater access in public schools is helping break the racial digital divid e that has been noticeable since the Internet first emerged.The New York clock reported in frame in 2006 that a church bench national survey of people 18 and older found that 61 percent of African Americans reported using the Internet, compared with 74 percent of whites and 80 percent of English-speaking Hispanics (Marriott, 2006). However, what these studies do not indicate is the aspire of the Internet use, the frequency of it, or the benefit of it. Nor do the studies provide evidence that the divide is shrinking crossways households. Poorer households remain less likely to have Internet access from the home than do wealthier counterparts (Marriott, 2006).Moreover, even as the divide lessens in regard to mature technologies, it continues to exist for newer technologies. For example, some schools with sufficient resources are now making iPods a tool for all students (see IT at Work 17. 2). IMPACTS ON I NDIVIDUALS Together, the increasing amounts of information and information t echnology use have potential impacts on job satisfaction, dehumanization, and information anxiety as well as impacts on health and safety. Although many jobs may become substantially more â€Å"enriched” with IT, other jobs may become more routine and less satisfying.Dehumanization and Other Psychological Impacts. Many people feel a loss of identity, a dehumanization, because of computerization; they feel like â€Å"just another number” because computers reduce or eliminate the human element that was present in the noncomputerized systems. Some people also feel this way about the Web. On the other hand, while the major objective of technologies, such as e-commerce, is to increase productivity, they can also create personalized, flexible systems that allow individuals to include their opinions and knowledge in the system.These technologies attempt to be people-oriented and user-friendly (e. g. , blogs and wikis). The Internet nemesisens to have an even more insulate influence than has been created by television. If people are back up to work and shop from their living rooms, then some unfortunate psychological effects, such as aspect and loneliness, could develop. Some people have become so addicted to the Web that they have dropped out of their regular(a) social activities, at school or work or home, creating societal and organizational problems.Another possible psychological impact relates to distance learning. In some countries, it is legal to school children at home through IT. Some argue, however, that the lack of social contacts could be damaging to the social, moral, and cognitive development of school-age children who spend retentive periods of time working alone on the computer. Information Anxiety. Another potential negative impact is information anxiety. This disquiet can take several forms, such as frustration with our inability to keep up with the amount of data present in our lives. Information anxiety can take other forms as well.One is frustration with the quality of the information available on the Web, which frequently is not up-to-date or neither. Another is frustration or guilt associated with not being better informed, or being informed too late (â€Å"How come others knew this before I did? ”). A third form of information anxiety stems from information overload (too many online sources). 674 Chapter 17 Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society IT at Work 17. 2 The Dog Ate My iPod Schools and universities are finding new ways to keep up with technology, such as the emergence of iPods on campuses.All levels of education are using this brand of portable media players, designed and marketed by Apple Computer, as a learning tool. Duke University was one of the first to emb backwash this technology. Duke’s provost, Peter Lang, said, â€Å"the direct effect of iPods is they learn better in the classroom. ” Duke was awarded a grant to give their freshmen 20-gigabyte iPodsâ€enough storage for up to 5,000 songs. The results are mixed; about 75 percent of those surveyed at Duke said they use their iPods for academic work. half(prenominal) the time, they use the device in ways recommended by the professors.The positive feedback is that the iPod is similar to the old recording devices used in the past, but with the ability to store, organize, and access with a click of a couple of buttons. Students do not have to attend the class to download the materials online or from a fellow student. Some schools feel that students will skip out on classes and rely on each other’s recordings, or even use the device to cheat. According to Don McCabe, a Rutgers professor who surveyed nearly 62,000 undergraduates on 96 campuses over four years, two-thirds of the students admitted to cheating.That is a concern, especially with the compact size, wireless earpieces, and the ability to hold podcastsâ€audio recordings that can be distributed over the Inter net. But with an abundance of electronic gadgets, including handheld email devices, wireless access in classrooms to the Internet, calculators that are preprogrammed with formulas, and pensized scanners used to copy text or exams for other students, universities have to stay ahead of the curve. Some other concerns are: How will the lecturer’s language and actions be used for unknown purposes and when/where is copyright eing infringed when students and strength make their own recordings? In spite of the worries of skipping class, personal use, and cheating, Apple Computer is behind the iPod in the education field. Six schools (Duke, Brown, Stanford, the University of Michigan, the University of Wisconsinâ€Madison, and the University of Missouri School of Journalism) recently participated in a pilot program called iTunes U (apple. com/educastion/solutions/ itunes_u/). The program was so popular that Apple began to offer the program to all colleges for lectures, notes, podc asts, and information in a library for students to download.Other schools, such as Brearley School, a private school for girls on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, use iPods predominantly in interactive exercises, such as foreign language classes. Katherine Hallissy Ayala, the head of the computer education department, says â€Å"the hope is that if students are interested in this, they’ll download and explore on their own without being told to. ” And Jacques Houis, a French teacher at Brearley, feels that â€Å"earshot to many different types of French, not just the teacher, is very important. Students have said that the iPod has helped their foreign language skills by listening to playbacks, music, and other sources besides what is taught in the classroom. One intimacy is for sure, the iPod is changing the academic field and schools will have to stay ahead of generations born in the dynamical world of technology. Sources: Ferguson (2005) and Moore (2005) For Furt her Exploration: How does the use of iPods shift duty from teachers â€Å"teaching” to students â€Å"learning”? What excuses might a student use for not completing an ssignment powerful or submitting it on time? Impacts on Health and Safety. Computers and information systems are a part of the environs that may adversely affect individuals’ health and safety. To illustrate, we will discuss the effects of job stress and semipermanent use of the keyboard. Job Stress. An increase in work load and/or responsibilities can trigger job stress. Although computerization has benefited organizations by increasing productivity, it has also created an ever-increasing workload for some employees.Some workers, especially those who are not proficient with computers, but who must work with them, feel overwhelmed and start feeling anxious about their jobs and their job performance. These feelings of anxiety can adversely affect workers’ productivity. Management’s responsibility is to help alleviate these feelings by providing training, redistributing the workload among workers, or by hiring more individuals. Repetitive Strain (Stress) Injuries. Other potential health and safety hazards are exigent strain injuries such as backaches and muscle emphasis in the wrists and fingers.Carpal tunnel syndrome is a painful form of repetitive strain injury that affects the wrists and hands. It has been associated with the long-term use of keyboards. 17. 3 Information Is Changing from a Scarce Resource to an Abundant Resource 675 Lessening the ostracise Impact on Health and Safety. Designers are aware of the potential problems associated with prolonged use of computers. Consequently, they have attempt to design a better computing environment. Research in the area of ergonomics (the science of adapting machines and work environments to people) provides guidance for these designers.For instance, ergonomic techniques focus on creating an environment for the worker that is safe, well lit, and comfortable. Devices such as antiglare screens have helped alleviate problems of fatigued or damaged eyesight, and chairs that descriptor the human body have helped decrease backaches (see A Closer human face 17. 1). A Closer Look 17. 1 Ergonomic and Protective Products Many products are available to improve working conditions for people who spend much of their time at a computer. The following(a) photos illustrate some ergonomic solutions. Wrist support Back support Eye-protection filter optically coat glass) Adjustable foot rest 676 Chapter 17 Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society 17. 4 Machines Are Performing Functions antecedently Performed by Humans One of the distinguishing traits of humankind is the ceaseless quest to find tools and techniques to replace human work and manual labor. Information technology greatly accelerates this process and allows machines to perform a variety of complex functions, which, in the past, could be performed only by humanity. Robotics offers a clear example of information technology eliminating the need for human labor.Computerized transaction processing systems, automated teller machines, intelligent scheduling software, and voice recognition systems illustrate information technology’s capability to replace administrative and clerical work. Moreover, colored intelligence and expert systems are now able to perform the work of white-collar professionals. As functionality of machines and computer systems continues to evolve, it will transform societies by influencing such critical factors as the quality of life, the dynamics of labor markets, and the nature of human interactions. QUALITY OF vivification GOVQuality of life refers to measures of how well we achieve a desirable standard of living. For example, the use of robots in uncomfortable or dangerous environments is one of the primary ways of improving the quality of life with information technology. For decades, robots have been used to replace physically demanding or tedious activities in manufacturing plants. Robots and other quasi-autonomous devices have become increasingly common on farm fields, in hospitals, and even in private homes, improving the quality of life of numerous people. A type of robot works at the University of California Hospital at San Francisco.The five-foot-tall machine, which can contract down the hallways and call an elevator to travel to other graces, carries medicine and blood samples around the building (Stone, 2003). specialised robots that can relieve people of the need to perform certain household tasks are becoming commercially available. For instance, robotic vacuum cleaners capable of finding their way around furniture and other obstacles in any room are already sweeping the floors in thousands of homes around the world. Military applications of robotics hold the potential not only to improve the quality of life but also to save the lives o f soldiers.The Pentagon is researching selfdriving vehicles and bee-like swarms of small surveillance robots, each of which would contribute a different view or angle of a combat zone. In March 2004, DARPA, the research arm of the U. S. Department of Defense, held a race of fully autonomous land vehicles across a challenging 150-mile stretch of the Mojave Desert. Thirteen entrants designed vehicles that could journey and drive themselves without humans at the remote controls. This race ended without any winners. The machine that traveled the furthermostâ€12 kmâ€was built by Carnegie Mellon University (â€Å"Robots, start your engines,” 2004).These initial results suggest that significant advances in IT will need to be made before robots can handle complex, unfamiliar situations and operate entirely autonomously. somewhat less obvious, but very noticeable improvements in the quality of life arise from the ability of computers to â€Å"make decisions”â€an ac tion mechanism that used to be in the soap domain of human beings. Although such decisions are typically limited in scope and are based on rules established by people, they are successfully employed in a variety of hard-nosed applications.For example, automobile navigation systems may be incompetent of guiding a vehicle across the maverick desert terrain, but they are quite flair at finding the optimal route to the longing destination using a network of subsisting roadways. Global positioning systems (GPSs) integrated 17. 4 Machines Are Performing Functions Previously Performed by Humans SVC 677 with geographic information systems (GISs) available in many modern vehicles allow the driver to hand over navigational decisions to the computer, thereby offering an additional level of safety and convenience.Expert systems used in the health-care industry offer another example of quality of life improvements that follow from machines’ abilities to perform â€Å"human” w ork. For instance, some systems can improve the diagnosis process by analyzing the set of symptoms experienced by the patient. Other systems can supplement a physician’s judgment by analyzing prescriptions for dosage and potential drug interactions, thus reducing the frequency and abrasiveness of medication errors, which translates into a higher quality of life for the patients. Partners HealthCare System, Inc. for example, reported a 55 percent reduction in the number of serious medication errors following the implementation of such a system (Melymuka, 2002). Whether robots will be of the quality of R2D2 (the Star Wars robot) is another issue. It probably will be a long time before we see robots making decisions by themselves, handling unfamiliar situations, and interacting with people. Nevertheless, robots are around that can do practical tasks. Carnegie Mellon University, for example, has developed self-directing tractors that harvest hundreds of realm of rops around t he clock in California, using global positioning systems combined with video image processing that identifies rows of uncut crops. Robots are especially helpful in hazardous environments, as illustrated in IT at Work 17. 3. IT at Work 17. 3 The Working Lives of Robots pose Fiber-Optic Cables. Cities around the world are transforming themselves to the digital era by replacing copper wires with fiber-optic cables or by installing fiber optics where there were no wires before. Because fiber-optic cables are a excerption method to deliver high-speed voice and data ommunication (see Technology Guide 4), demand for them is expanding. Cities know that in order to attract and hold on to hi-tech business they must provide fiber-optic access to all commercial buildings. You may have seen this activity many times without realizing it: Workers cut up the street, creating noise, dust, and traffic problems. But the worst part of it is that the disruption to people may take weeks, or even month s, just to complete one city block. Now, robots are changing it all. One company that invented a technology to improve the ituation is City Net Telecommunications (citynettelecom .com). The idea is to use the existing sewer system to lay the cables. This way no trenches need to be dug in the streets. Pioneering work has been done in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Omaha, Nebraska, and Indianapolis, Indiana (in leak 2001). How do the robots help? Robots are waterproof and do not have noses, and so they are not bothered by working in the sewer. They do not complain, nor do they get sick. As a matter of fact, they work faster than humans when it comes to laying the fiber-optic cables inside the sewer system. POM GOVWhat does it cost? The company claims that laying the fiber-optic cable with robots costs about the same as the old method. The major advantage is that it can be done 60 percent faster and without disruption to people’s lives. changeing Train Stations in Japan. With growin g amounts of rubbish to deal with at Japanese train stations and fewer people willing to work as cleaners, officials have started turning the dirty work over to robots. Since May 1993, the Central Japan railway line Company and Sizuko Company, a Japanese machinery maker, have been using robots programmed to vacuum rubbish.A railway official said the robots, which are capable of doing the work of 10 people each, have been operating at the Sizuko station in Central Japan. The robots measure about 1. 5 meters wide and 1. 2 meters long. The railway and Sizuko spent 70 million yen to develop the machines and are planning to program them for other tasks, such as sweeping and scrubbing. Sources: Compiled from the New York clock (March 6, 2001); from the Wall Street Journal (November 21, 2000); and from â€Å"Robots Used to Clean Train Station in . . . ” (1993). See also â€Å"The Robot Revolution Is on the Way” (2000).For Further Exploration: If robots are so effective, what will be the impact on unemployment when more tasks are robotized? What will people do if robots take over? 678 Chapter 17 Impacts of IT on Individuals, Organizations, and Society IMPACT ON L ABOR MARKETS One of the most prominent concerns is the fear that due to technological advances, machines will replace millions of workers, leading to mass unemployment. Robots and office automation systems are effectively competing with humans for blue-collar and clerical jobs. It is important to note that white-collar occupations are not immune to the impact of information technology either.In fact, machines are beginning to challenge scientists, interpreters, computer programmers, lawyers, aircraft pilots, and other professionals in their jobs. Researchers in Great Britain, for instance, have built a robot-scientist capable of performing simple genetic experiments. The computer-controlled robot independently formulated hypotheses about the functions of unknown genes, designed experiments to t est them, manipulated laboratory equipment to conduct the experiments, analyzed the results, and accepted or rejected hypotheses based on the evidence it obtained.The robot’s performance was comparable to the performance of graduate students working on similar tasks (Begley, 2004). Translators and interpreters also face competition from information technology in the form of speech- and text-based machine variation systems. While existing machine translation software cannot rival the accuracy, clarity, eloquence, and vividness of human translations, it is typically able to convey the gist of the message and comply with the major rules of grammar and syntax (Schwartz, 2004). (Visit online-translator. com, google. om/language_tools, and world. altavista. com to review several online translation services. ) ratified professionals may discover some unusual contenders, glowing to take over their jobs. Some software packages used by law firms rely on artificial intelligence to an alyze facts, determine applicable regulations, and fasten drafts of appropriate documentsâ€all of which are activities traditionally performed by entry-level lawyers and paralegals. These and other examples illustrate a valid threat that information technology presents to workers in numerous occupations.In addition, they exalt the question of whether you should be concerned about the prospects of computers getting the capabilities of doing your job more effectively and efficiently. Following the introduction of new technologies that mimic the functions of human workers, it is common to describe some job losses as old jobs are reset(p) by computerized equipment. However, this negative impact on employment levels offers a very simplistic and incomplete picture of the chain of events associated with technological advances.One of the more univocal positive side-effects of technological advances is the creation of new jobs, which takes place in other sectors of the economy that p roduce and operate the new equipment and computer systems. Furthermore, introduction of new information technologies results in more efficient allocation of scarce resources, such as labor, capital, and raw materials. As the drudgery processes become more efficient, they apply downward pressure on price levels, which leads to higher demand, as consumers respond to lower prices.To satisfy the growing demand, producers tend to increase the output of goods and services, which is frequently accomplished by hiring more workers. Other entities in the affected supply chains react to increased demand and instigate further employment growth. Thus, from the macroeconomic perspective, technological progress broadly speaking increases the aggregate level of employment (Soete, 2001). Fluctuations in unemployment rates are generally associated with business cycles and do not indicate that information technology is likely to proceed a large number of workers (Handel, 2003). IT at Work 17. demon strates one of the impacts of information technology on employment in the retailing industry. Although the net effect of information technology proliferation is generally positive for the economy as a whole, on a personal level, IT-induced job displacement 17. 4 Machines Are Performing Functions Previously Performed by Humans 679 IT at Work 17. 4 Do-It-Yourself Retailing The concept of allowing shoppers to scan and bag their own items at retail stores has been around for quite a while. In the 1980s, technology necessary to implement self-checkout systems was already available.However, at that time, the costs of such systems were prohibitively high, and consumer acceptance was extremely low. As this technology continue to evolve and mature, self-checkout registers turned into attractive propositions for supermarkets, grocery stores, and other retailers. In winter of 1997, Wal-Mart was among the first merchants to test the self-checkout systems in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and other sel ected markets. The self-checkout machines were developed by Optimal Robotics based in Montreal, Canada.Each register include a belongings area with a conveyer belt, a barcode reader, a touchscreen display, and a voice synthesizer to provide the node with vocal and visual instructions, as well as a bagging area, which rested on scales that analyze whether the weight of the scanned item corresponded with the weight of the item placed in the bag. The checkout stations also included currency readers and equipment to accept credit and debit cards, which allowed the customer to pay for the goods. The results of the initial tests were quite encouraging; thus, in 2002 the company began a large-scale rollout of selfcheckout units.Wal-Mart is installing self-checkout machines in most new Supercenters and Neighborhood Market Stores. A significant number of existing stores were also retrofitted with the new technology. Typically, the company installs from four to eight self-checkout station s in a store, depending on its size and sales volume. The main reasons that persuade retailers to adopt the new systems include the desire to provide a better customer MKT experience and the need to control costs. Self-checkout stations occupy 25 percent less space than traditional registers, which allows retailers to place more stations within the same floor space.Furthermore, with only one employee overseeing four machines, the store is able to keep a sufficient number of registers open while driving down labor costs. A set of four registers, which costs $80,000 to $100,000, has a vengeance period of only 6 to 12 months, if implemented correctly. Consumers enjoy shorter lines, faster service, and greater control over the checkout process. As self-checkout machines gain the capabilities to perform the functions of human cashiers (with some help from shoppers), they gradually displace store employe\r\n'