Plato’s View of Justice in the Republic Essay

Having lived an extraordinarily long life (for his period), with no consistent doctrine of whimsy, it has last customary to divide Platos writings chronologic wholey into leash periods, Early, Middle and Late. The majority rule, a collection of ten ledgers, is thought to experience been pen after Phaedo during the middle-period of Platos life. It is during this period that Platos doctrine becomes his give birth rather than a commentary on Socrates beliefs and sayings.It is most-valuable to remember that Platos meter was an age of constant upheaval and it is this air of upheaval and constant form that led him to focus on his societies failings and to put forward a incorporate society that puts his view of nicety into pr processice.The main theme of The Republic is to plant justness and otherwise virtues and to put forward an root word for a Utopian city-state based on his beliefs on jurist and virtue to manoeuver how these ideals could be implemented.The text tak es the form of a dramatised discourse among certain characters of differing backgrounds and beliefs. The part of a dramatised debate is a useful mode to demonstrate the demeanor Plato (whose ideas be represented by the character of Socrates) would handle his sceptics. It also serves to show the development of his thought through discussion and to sceptic-proof his argument by foreseeing strength counter arguments.Plato pelfs demonstrating his definition by taking some popular conceptions of what arbiter means and whether it is better to live a just life.In have one the debate derails with a statement made by Cephalus, an old, retired successful manufacturer. Cephalus puts forward the view that as people grow honest-to-god they become more aw atomic number 18 of religious teachings regarding retribution in the afterlife for quick an unjust life and therefore monitor theyre take in behaviour, in the past and presentAnd when he finds that the sum of his transgressions is immense he entrust m any(prenominal)(prenominal) a time like a child start up in his sleep for fear, and he is filled with dark forebodings.He is saying that idea of referee is something that is merely a doctrine implement by the un strainn premise of damnation. If fear of an unproven afterlife is the ratiocination for backup a just life then the argument for justice is weak and reliant on blind faith. If an separate does not recall in Hades or Hell then what stops him from acting unjustly? Continuing on Cephalus states Wealth locoweed do a lot to save from having to cheat or deceive someone against our depart and from having to depart for that other rove in fear be beget we owe a free to a god or money to a psyche. By this Cephalus means that by having ample wealth he n foralways had the need to be unjust to anyone. He could afford to appease the Gods with sacrifice and to keep his debts paid. This first presented r removeering of justice is flawed. Socrates fall t hroughs the following example to prove thisSuppose that a friend when in his right mind has deposited armor with me and he asks for them when he is not in his right mind, ought I to give them back to him? No one would say that I ought or that I should be right in doing so, any more than they would say that I ought always to speak the truth to one who is in his condition.Socrates, by Cephaluss definition just living, was acting in a just way when he returned weapons to a maniacal friend (paying his debts). The modern day resembling of this scenario is the United Nations returning a previously confiscated nuclear weapon to an manic-depressive and potentially violent state in full knowledge that it pass on be used to wreak havoc ( loss). This demonstrates that Cephaluss popular description of justice is weak and potentially unjustLater in declare 1, When Socrates criticizes Polemarchus idea that man should spite his enemies, Thrasymachus puts his view forward Since the established command is surely intemperateer, anyone who reasons correctly leave behind conclude that the just is the same all(prenominal)where, videlicet the advantage of thestronger . Using this idea Thrasymachus has declared that justice is the preserve of the strong and caterful. jurist is whatever the powerful dictate to the masses. He then goes on to state that it is the duty of the poor to rise up and take what they can from the rich. Socrates refutes all these ideas. He believes that the poor should accept the true justice that is enforce on them by the g overnment. This is an idea that is crucial to the utopia he pass on subsequent describe.Thrasymachus demonstrates a sophistic belief that injustice is more bankable to the exclusive than justice. By restating his belief that only the powerful have control over justice and successfully canvassing for a general consensus that draw reinrs are weak he shows that justice (as administered by the powerful) is harmful to the one who obeys and serves . This in itself consumes a certain degree of sense since in our protest modern time we consistently see examples of justice (as administered by the powerful) being non-beneficial to the weak and subservient. The well-nigh recently extravagantlylighted example would be the recent focus on Taliban-governed Afghanistan. Justice to the population of a Taliban controlled region meant harsh punishments and draconian, puritanical laws. This is what by European standards would be called unjust. If Thrasymachus had stopped his argument at this maneuver then he would have contributed an important element to the definition of justice that we assume in our use of the word today, that which is morally correct.However as Thrasymachus is from a sophistic background (i.e. teacher of economics and rhetoric with especially capitalistic, profit goaded motivations) he continues into a less popular (by modern standards) potential payoff of his argument, injustice is more pr ofitable than justice. Through clever debate and cogitate with Thrasymachus, Plato (through his m give aparthpiece character, Socrates) arises at the following conclusionApparently, then, injustice has the power, first, to make whatever it arises in-whether it is a city, a family, an army, or anything else-incapable of achieving anything as a unit of measurement, because of civil wars and differences itcreates, and second, it makes that unit an enemy to itself and to what is in every way its opposite, namely justice.This statement shows the sophists argument to be a contradiction. It is impossible for a belief to be profitable if it simply leads to dissent amongst the parties seeking profit. It is impossible for injustice to serve anyone if it is an enemy to itself. Plato points break through that for a collective of individuals to act out injustice and all profit from the act there must originally be some sort of justice present to pr number them all betraying each other, an honour amongst thieves of sorts. The argument for injustice does not end with book one and returns briefly early in book two. At the end of book one Plato is no longer refuting suggestions on the nature of justice and is no speaking in a pro-active, absolute manner. He begins to start to build his own ideas of justice. He believes justice to be more profitable than injustice describing the comparison like so a just person is happy and an unjust one is wretched . This conclusion is reached in the forward lines when Thrasymachus to agrees that justice is a virtue of the someone and therefore that a understanding cannot perform well if its particular virtue is faulty.There is another important argument that Plato addresses in book two, where Glaucon, the youth, returns to Thrasymachuss argument with an amendment. Glaucon asserts that it is profitable for the individual to pretend to be just but live their life in an unjust manner. The idea behind this being that the individual ca n advance to have the virtue of justice to others without having to be burdened with the responsibilities and constraints of living a just life. To consider all of these arguments and how they are presented would take umpteen theses and, although applicable to this essay topic, I must move on to Platos own decisions of what justice is and their implementation in his polis due to space and time constraints.Plato has argued that living justly is much more superior to living unjustly because justice breeds happiness and contentment. The next step for Plato, to state and demonstrate his own positive views on justice and why it is profitable, is to describe a city-state, a polis, which is an ideal Utopia where all citizens live in harmonious eudemonia. By using the macrocosm ofthe state he leave show how justice can be implemented in the individual.Plato believes in the immortality of the soul (a consequence of read/write head ) and its division into three parts, which in turn are affected by ordering powers. The three parts of the soul are the spiritual, dedicated to the loyalty of honour, the rational, dedicated to reason and logical thought and the appetitive, the basic appetites of the humankind soul such as sex, acquisitions, praise etc. which must be controlled. This is a fiercely rational and, I would argue, flawed break down of the human character. It takes no account for the delirious aspect of mankind and it is this inhuman and super rational view of humanity that would lead to the immediate failure of the polis if it wherever established due to some of the constraints placed on the citizens of the polis as will be seen later on. The virtues (aretai) of the soul that Plato describes in book four are wisdom (sophia), courage (andreia), temperance (sophrosyne) and justice (dikaiosyne). It is this idea of the soul that Plato will use in to socially structure the polis . The aim of this city is to make the soul is happy because all three parts of it are moderated, doing their own jobs and nothing else. This relates to Platos view of justice in the following manner. To Plato justice and injustice where to the personify what health and disease are in the body.This is a beautiful analogy and is very similar to basic facets of Chinese treat were disturbance in the mind is viewed as a pivotal cause for ill physical health, one wonders were oriental factors an process on Plato or delinquency versa at this time. This correlation of enlightenical Greek and ancient Chinese science is especially apparent in 444d of The Republic when Health is defined as the establishment of an order by nature among the parts of the body disease as a disturbance of the infixed order of rule and subordination among the parts (444d) . This reading of Plato by Voeglin makes more sense in the context of the polis, as the disease of injustice is the divisor of peoples and the cause of dissatisfy in society. The polis must be designed in such away th at contentment is valued at a premium and corruption and vice made unnecessary and irrelevant.This has parallels with the medieval belief in The Great orbit Of Being. The Great Chain Of Being was a description of the chemical equilibrium of power and harmony in the world that probably was inspired by Augustinian and Platonic thought. At thetop of the twine was God who was joined to the King who was linked to his Aristocracy. If any part of a the chain was broken then the cancel order of the world was disrupted. An example of how this was believed to manifest would be the mysterious diverge of calm weather to storms and super intrinsic occurrences in Shakespeares Macbeth following the usurping of Duncan. By usurping the legitimate ruler the chain was broken and chaos and disorder in the natural world ensued. Such is the occurrence of injustice in the Polis that the natural harmony will fall apart.I will now re-start the structure of the polis and hopefully answer how the distin ctive roles of State and the individual swan a just society. The state is divided into three classes, a producer class, a guardian (military/police) class and a ruling class. Later, Plato creates a parvenue ruling class out of the guardians and calls the military/police class auxiliaries and this cutting ruling class guardians. The main point of this is to have each class fulfilling a need in the city and not usurping any other person/classes role. Again there are similarities with the great chain of being. Everybody minds their own business and keeps to the plan and eudemonia will be intact. The city is based on various natural needs and recognises that harmony starts with the satisfying of life requirements. This idea is a nearly to a throw back to Cephalus who does not act in an unjust way because he wants for nothing.The development of a citizen starts with culture. Students are thought a wide range of subjects from the academic to physical. Children are taught philosophy s o that there will be established within them, as in a polis, a politea . In other words they will have the same balanced wisdom and discipline governing their souls in life with the eudemonia of the state as a living example for the individual. The education also decided what class and profession the child would fit into. Classes could be transcended as children showed an adroitness for different and subjects abilities. Once an individual was placed in his/her class they remained in it for the duration of their lives. This has distinct parallels with the education system of Ireland were an aptitude in school for the academic can raise points for a place in a college that would further train you for a position of comparativelymore power than the producer class. The most apt at philosophy and reason were sidelined for the upper two classes and had their education furthered accordingly.This begs the question of what would expire if the polis were sacked and all the ruling class slain . How could the polis recover from such an event if the lower classes are conditioned and brain-washed into believing that all they can ever be or do is be the sheep at the bottom of the chain of command?Procreation was also a stage-mannered affair. Parents deemed fit to marry (or mate) were coupled off by what they believed to be random selection. In fact, the couples were selected for their eugenic qualities and polar off like horses on a stud.Children are taken from their parents at birth. The knowledge of their parents identity is never revealed to them nor is the childs identity revealed to their parents. This anonymity was meant to promote equality between young and older generations. The child, being in full knowledge that it is from a foster family, would not be subject to family pride and would have no particular loyalties to any family as its siblings and parents would be unknown. Every elder could be addressed as father or mother as every peer could be addressed as broth er or sister. With no bias towards any particular individual the harmony of the polis is further maintained.As mentioned earlier, Platos great failure from a modern standpoint is his inability to account for emotional aspects in the polis. The idea of splitting families was doomed to failure in that likenesses between siblings and parents would be impossible to disguise and some people could find out their relatives in this way. However, it could be argued that the psychological effect of not knowing ones natural family could be a non-issue after generations of people living in this way. The eugenic selection of partners makes a sense of sorts as families with undesirable acquire characteristics could be prevented from passing them on and those with desirable ones could be encouraged to mate. This is resounding of a quasi-nazi formula for the Aryan race of Third Reich. If one looks snuggledone can see Plato using injustice to keep justice by lying about the random selection of co uples.Due to the constraints of time and space I will have to conclude at this point by summarising the above. Plato essentially defines justice in the state as the three classes staying strictly to their individual roles in order to maintain a balance of responsibilities for the greater good of all. The state does this by ruling of over every aspect of an individuals life from birth and plotting their destiny with the greater good of the polis to mind. It does this through education, censorship and rigorous controls. Only those with a high knowledge of wisdom (philosophy) are fit to rule as they have enough knowledge to know that justice is best for all as it is an essential virtue of the soul (dikaiosyne). Injustice is considered ignorance, as someone with a lot of wisdom could not possibly see injustice as profitable to anyone.The justice in the soul is described as the virtues (aretai) dictatorial the appetitive parts of the soul.In this post world war two and post Brave New Wo rld time, it is easy to take The Republic as a strange Nazi/Taliban-esque tyrannical state on a first glance. As a state the polis would most decidedly have failed. As macrocosm for justice in the individual it is unsurpassed. Its influence to this day was evident recently when it was voted best philosophical work ever by readers of the web page http//www.philosophers.co.uk. Whilst it has certain ideas that maybe questioned against the standards of modern horse opera Europeans, it will certainly provide insight and debate on many philosophical issues for many years.