Character Analysis of Walter Lee Younger in A Raisin in...

In A Raisin in the Sun Hansberry uses Walter Lee Younger to represent the ambitious but, uninformed African American family. Walters main role in A Raisin in the Sun is to personify the African American families that make many gambles, which eventually lead to complete failure. Walter is shadowed by greed and ignorance which causes him to fail to achieve the success he wishes to gain. Walter Lee Youngers greed is exemplified when he talks about, Check coming today. (Hansberry 26). Walters lack of wisdom and hard headedness allows him to portray American success, which he hopes of achieving in a very short time. When Walter Younger fails at what he has been trying to do he exclaims, THAT MONEY IS MADE OUT OF MY FATHERS FLESH.†¦show more content†¦Then when he does fail he blames his failures on other people who are close to him, this is shown when he makes the remark of, No thanks to the colored women. (Hansberry 35). Walter fails to understand that his wife gives him continu al support, which ties into one of his harmatias which is his ability to make rash decisions. Ruth, is a very important character in this story for the fact that she has the opportunity to do something amazing, that is go to medical school. But in Walters everlasting foolishness invests in a liquor store instead of her college funds. It is this rash decision made by him that causes feuds within the family. Hansberry uses Beneatha and Walter Younger in a metaphorical message to display the feuds that they have as a lower class African American family. Hansberry uses Beneatha and Walter in an attempt to show the diversity in their household. Beneathas clear superior intelligence level over Walter is a representation of the higher class African Americans looking over struggling lower economic African American class. The author understood that in this time of Civil Rights movements it was a constant battle not only between races but social classes as well. Within the African American ra ce it was a constant struggle for serenity. Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun showed the different ideas that African American families had during the Civil Rights era. Hansberry used each member of the Younger family was to portray theShow MoreRelatedA Raisin In The Sun Archetypal Analysis1452 Words   |  6 Pagesunique to that particular person, but can rather be an emotion that is universally felt by others that have encountered similar situations and in turn may result in those people forming the same mentality and character. Correspondingly, any piece of work can be approached through an archetypal analysis that enables one to gain insight into the conventional and universal experiences within the society of which that form of literature is based upon. These repeating and shared experiences are especially prevalentRead MoreThe Roles Of Sexism And Dreams1377 Words   |  6 Pagesnurse like other women- or just get married and be quiet...† (38). Walter Younger, on e of the protagonists of the play, makes this sexist comment towards his sister, Beneatha, and her desire to become a doctor. Walter belittles Beneatha’s dream by implying that women are only fit for supporting roles just like their mother, Mama Lena. Debuted on Broadway in 1959, the dramatic work, A Raisin in the Sun, is composed by Lorraine Hansberry, who depicts the issues of sexism and dreams. Considering theseRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Lorraine Hansberry s A Raisin990 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis: A Raisin in the Sun The play A Raisin In the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry is a classic, revolutionary play written in the times of segregation and discrimination of skin tones. Throughout the story, the Youngers display how they are just like an ordinary family; everybody has their own special personality. This caused many conflicts when it was time to decide what to do with the check coming in the mail for ten thousand dollars. Walter Lee Younger, the son and oldest child of mamaRead MoreAnalysis Of A Raisin In The Sun1185 Words   |  5 PagesArianna Williams-Smart English 1B Professor Quinn Final Essay The epigraph to A Raisin in the Sun is Langston Hughes poem called A Dream Deferred which was written as an example of life in harlem. The lines are a introduction to the white societys actions to take away equal opportunity from black citizens. Hughes main point is that there could be consequences when peoples frustrations build up or accumulate to the point where they have to either surrender their dreams or allow strenuousRead MoreAmerican Dream in a Raisin in the Sun4319 Words   |  18 Pagesothers want him to be or think he is. In trying to reajust his nature in order to harmonize his life with other people’s view, he twists his own identity and becomes somebody else than who he is in actual fact. This is what we notice through the character of George Murchison who despite his belonging to a certain race, tried to behave like a member of another race because he didn’t have a great sense of Africanness Sometimes, because of the conception they have of other people, they would try toRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of A Raisin Of The Sun Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesWriting Assignment 4: Character Analysis of â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† The male protagonist of this story is Walter Lee Younger, an African American, who plays the roles of a son, husband, father, and brother. The story is set in a Chicago Southside apartment, â€Å"sometime between World War II and the present [1959]† (Hansberry 919). Walter is physically described as â€Å"a lean, intense young man in his middle thirties, inclined to quick nervous movements and erratic speech habits—and always in his voiceRead MoreComparing Themes of To Kill a Mockingbird and A Raisin in the Sun1962 Words   |  8 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird and A Raisin in the Sun are books both written during a time of racial tension and inequality. Harper Lee and Lorraine Hansberry lived through the civil rights movement and saw the physical and verbal harassment against African Americans. This experience is evident in both works as the theme of fighting prejudice shines through. The goal of this paper is to compare and contrast the theme in both books and how it affected both of the families. Also, throughout the paper I willRead MoreCompare/Contrast Willy Loman (Death of a Salesman) and Walter Lee Younger (a Raisin in the Sun)2823 Words   |  12 Pagesthere are none. Characters Walter Lee Younger and Willy Loman are prime examples of this, both pinning their hopes on unattainable dreams to hide the feelings of failure. The theme of illusion versus reality is present in both Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun and Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman through the portrayal of main characters Walter and Willy in their struggles for happiness and prosperity. Although the two characters have similar dreams, Walter, a dynamic character, breaks through

Ellen Olenska as a Mythological Muse in The Age of Innocence

Ellen Olenska as a Mythological Muse in The Age of Innocence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Long ago in ancient Greece, mythology was used to explain our world, our lives, and most importantly, our interpersonal relationships. Still today Greek mythology is infused into the literature of almost every influential and lasting author, one of the more effective authors being Edith Wharton, author of The Age of Innocence. The relationship between Newland Archer and Madame Ellen Olenska, two protagonists in Wharton’s novel, is an example of the classic relationship between a muse and an inspired man. Wharton was obviously well learned in the art of mythology as seen in her stories, The Lamp of Psyche and The Muse’s Tragedy, and used this†¦show more content†¦Tracy Marks explains that muses from Greek mythology are typically represented as young women with red lips, blue eyes, and a melodious voice, who usually wore long flowing robes and a reflective or smiling expression. Already Wharton’s vivid picture painted with words co mes to mind, but Marks continues on to describe a Muse as â€Å"far from virgin goddesses, rather one who induces sensuality† (Marks 36). Archer parallels this perception as he views Ellen as one â€Å"who does not seal the mind against imagination, nor the heart against experience† (Nevius 186) and who â€Å"entreats a little wildness, a dark place or two in the soul† (Mansfield 316). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Whether it was Ellen’s disposition or her aura, which first enticed Archer, it was her affect on him which led her to become a legend in the mind of both this fictional character, Newland Archer, and the audience of this novel. What sparks the interest of a muse is the possibility of greatness, an ability to live in a world larger than what now exists, and who will use the knowledge and inspiration she gives (Marks 34), Newland was a perfect example of this. Ellen describes the reason for confiding in Archer more perfectly here: â€Å"The very good people didn’t convince me; I felt they’d never been tempted. But you knew; you understood; you had felt the world tugging at one with all its golden hands – and yet you hated the things it asked of one; you hated happiness brought by disloyalty and cruelty and

Platos Allegory Of The Cave And The Grapes Of Wrath

The World is Always Changing Ma had been detained for seven years after being kidnapped by a rapist psychopath and installed in a tiny shed. For five years she has raised a child, Jack, in this small room, attempting to cope with her dehumanizing circumstances while making Jack’s strange, claustrophobic world as intelligible to him as possible. The movie â€Å"Room† parallels with The Grapes of Wrath because they both have Plato’s overarching theme of the Allegory of the Cave. In John Steinbecks novel, he shows the readers that the world we live in, is a cave. Steinbeck makes us think about the problems in our world then, and how they relate to our world now. Jim Casy is outside of the cave, and is able to teach Tom Joad important lessons†¦show more content†¦At this point, Tom had taken the next step into the Allegory of the Cave, taking the walkway to go explore the world. Towards the end of the book, Casy protests for higher wages and better working conditions. The strike upsets big business and causes people to hunt him down. They find him in a cave and before Tom could even realize it, Casy is killed by a â€Å"club crashed into the side of his head..† (386). Steinbeck needed to kill Casy in order to get his message, sacrifice equals change, across. Steinbeck created the character Jim Casy, as a reference to Jesus Christ, to make him a leader that everyone believed in. Soon after Casy dies, Ma and Tom are debating on where Tom should go to find safety. Tom quotes part of a phrase that Casy used to tell him: Two are better than one...For if they fall, the one will lif up his fellow(418). Jim Casy had successfully taken Tom out of the cave, he had convinced him that the world outside of the cave was better than he had ever imagined. Casy taught Tom that the world needed to work together in order for change to happen, even if it meant sacrifice. The bank is a huge economic problem, it has causes people to turn against each other and controls most of the world. Most of the characters in the Grapes of Wrath have defined â€Å"the Bank or the Company [as] a monster† (31). The bank is a big business, it takes money and barely gives any back. The bank was it’s own type of cave, that had all of its workersShow MoreRelatedThe Acquisition of Morality Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesMachiavelli (1469-1527) and John Steinbeck (1902-1968). Morality is a trait that is developed as a result of practical material situations and experience as exemplified in The Grapes of Wrath, challenged by St. Matthew, but reinforced in the writings of Plato; we humans are born morally neutral. John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath tells the story of the Joad family as they travel from Oklahoma to California. The story has some very realistic examples of people learning lessons in morality, whether they

Grapes of Wrath Essay Steinbecks Communist Manifesto

The Grapes of Wrath as a Communist Manifesto Steinbecks political views are quite evident within The Grapes of Wrath. The subject of much controversy, The Grapes of Wrath serves as a social protest and commentary. Steinbecks views as expressed through the novel tie directly into the Marxist ideals on communism. Perhaps the first thing Steinbeck does in The Grapes of Wrath is establish the status quo. He sets up the farmers and the banks as the two main opposing forces. Lord and serf... in a word, oppressor and oppressed (Marx, 1) Immediately Steinbeck sets up the very same situation Marx establishes in The Communist Manifesto complete with proletarian (farmers) and bourgeois (bankers) classes. The†¦show more content†¦and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life. .. It has agglomerated population, centralized means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands (Marx, 3). In the true Marxist style, the banks and upper class act as the bourgeoisie to the migrant proletariat. Evidenced clearly are the existing conditions Marx discusses. The bourgeoisie exist as the oppressors to the proletariat, the banks oppressing the Okies. Marxs Manifesto is also in large part, a piece of anti-capitalist literature. Steinbeck, as well, devotes portions of the book to the attacking of capitalist and bourgeoisie figures and ideals. Perhaps the most notable is the repetition of the word monster twelve times within five pages in interchapter five. The whole chapter serves to bluntly compare the banks to monsters, an obvious attack on the banking system. Private banks, however, especially in this novel, are typical only of the capitalist system. As well, chapters seven, nine, and twenty-seven all deal with the proletariats unsuccessful attempt to peacefully negotiate the bourgeoisie, ending in all cases with the further capitalist exploitation of the workers as Marx describes. Marxs alternative to the capitalist system? Communism, a system in which each person works for the whole system, sacrificing personal gain for the greater society, and workingShow MoreRelatedModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pageslong since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders because of the large loss of li USA – 1930’s Industrialisation in the 1930s – an incomplete scaffold... more detail needed; but probably enough to write a paragraph or two in an essay on industrialisation between 1919 and 1941... The nature of industrialisation in the 1930s The nature of industrialisation changed in the 1930s. In the 1920s industrialisation had occurred because of free enterprise and big business. But with the

American Consumerism And The United States Environmental...

Regardless of what one thinks about American consumerism or our high levels of production, it is a fact that we live in a throw-away society. What that means is that we produce a lot, throw away a lot, and most things are planned to become obsolete within a few years. Recently, there has been an unprecedented effort to correct these negatives habits of our society, seeing as they can’t last forever. This effort, aptly called sustainability, is one of the most grandiose undertakings in American society today. Universities, corporations, households, and everything in-between, are all striving towards sustainability, but what actually is it? According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, â€Å"To pursue sustainability is to create and maintain the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony to support present and future generations† (EPA). With such a broad definition, there are plenty of critics and skeptics that say that such a proposition is too idealistic and therefore impossible. In fact, I agree with that faction and acknowledge that with such a loose definition, it will never be truly possible to be sustainable. However, my rebuttal, as it seems natural to say, is that nearly everything we do or strive for in America is, in a way, too idealistic. From that, I assert that we need to make a deliberate effort, as both consumers and producers, to work towards sustainability to move away from our throw-away tendencies. Before oneShow MoreRelatedSilent Spring By Rachel Carson1441 Words   |  6 PagesPeople reading a book wouldn’t be enough, though, for twenty million Americans came together on April 22, 1970, to celebrate the beauty of Earth and raise awareness about increasing concerns for the environment and declining quality of life. (maybe add a sentence about structure and diversity of the movement) Without these key events leading to the Environmental Movement’s diversity and unique structure through the 1970s, American values in politics and way of life would not have been able to changeRead MoreConsumerism: How It Affects Families Living in Poverty in America2390 Words   |  10 PagesConsumerism: Affecting Families Living in Poverty in the United States Katelynn O’Brien University of Phoenix COM/220 Research Writing May 26th, 2013 Outline I. Introduction of consumerism and brief explanation of its impact to the society II. Consumerism; definition and deep explanation of its impact to the world economies III. Advantages of consumerism A. Economic developments B. Growth and developments of companies C. Production of quality by companies D. Increase inRead MoreBusiness7439 Words   |  30 Pagesthat the American marketing system causes _____ to be higher than they would be under more â€Å"sensible† systems. a. distribution costs b. advertising costs c. prices d. markups e. employee morals (Answer: c; p. 496; Moderate) 4. A long-standing charge against intermediaries is that they mark up prices beyond the _____. a. value of their services b. delivery charges c. going market price d. range most Americans can affordRead MoreEcology of Maryland1280 Words   |  5 Pagescomplex chemical, physical, and biological reactions over more than 4 billion years now. In this relentless tardiness of geologic instance, the convection of the Earths mantle gave form to the planet (Cronon, 1993). The Middle Atlantic region of North American was shaped by the tectonic plate movements and climatic changes shaping the ancient oceans into lands. Water streams gave form to hills and deep valleys and rainwater broke big rocks into fine soil. It is interesting to note that while all this wasRead MoreGlobalization, Consumerism and Unsustainable Consumption Essay5809 Words   |  24 PagesGlobalization, Consumerism and Unsustainable Consumption Praveena Rajkobal IGD Program SPARC Colombo University Background Paper (Final) 1 This paper (i) attempts to establish the connection between globalization and consumerism and thereafter (ii) attempts to investigate the impacts of globalization and consumerism on unequal distribution of wealth and (iii) attempts to investigate the impacts of globalization and consumerism on unsustainable consumption and environmental degradationRead MoreA World Focused On Climate Change And Sustainable Development2467 Words   |  10 Pagesdesire to purchase products that are environmentally friendly is being hampered by the current cloud of greenwashing allegations, making it increasingly difficult for consumers to distinguish fact from fiction. Although the upward trend in green consumerism has affected several industries, it has had a noteworthy impact on the automotive industry, which has experienced a recent increase in the development of environmentally friendly options such as hybrid and electric vehicles. This paper will examineRead More Media Portrayal of Environmental Risk Essay2931 Words   |  12 Pages Media Portrayal of Environmental Risk: Dissemination or Delusion? Transmission of ideas and information through media avenues like television and the press are the predominant means by which much of contemporary culture and the developed world obtain vital information. The media has an enormous impact on the public’s conceptualization of ideals: societal perceptions are shaped by the information made available to us through the different venues of media. Examining how the transmittal of informationRead MoreFood Loss And Its Effects On Food Production3298 Words   |  14 Pagesfor any reason, which is discarded towards the front of the food supply chain, including harvest, post-harvest, and processing (Lipinski 2013). The production of the food in the United States is inefficient because of its inability to create and process food without generating excessive amounts of waste. In the United States alone, about 40 percent of its food is wasted daily – much of it due to ineffectual food production processes. In and of itself, food loss has permeated into different issues,Read MoreImpact of Consumer Protection Agencie in Nigeria15948 Words   |  64 PagesIMPACT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION AGENCIES IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF CPC, CAFON AND CEON BY AMZAT SHERIFFDEEN ADEWALE MATRIC NO: 06076963 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, AGO-IWOYE, OGUN STATE. MARCH, 2012 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Consumer protection is defined as the efforts of the government and private organizationsRead MoreIt Goes Into A Landfill2921 Words   |  12 PagesMost people don’t think about where their trash goes after the garbage trucks empty the trash bins. It goes into a landfill, which is a carefully engineered and managed structure and acts as a final disposal option for waste (â€Å"Solid Waste Agency†). The purpose of a landfill is to bury trash in a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry, and will not come into contact with air. Under these conditions, the excess waste does not decompose very much (Freudenrich). Many objects

Application of Piagets and Vygotsky Theories of Learning

Question: Discuss about theApplication of Piagets and Vygotsky Theories of Learning. Answer: Introduction Learning takes different forms that teachers need to apply in the classroom. When learning takes place, experience and interaction are key concepts that the learner uses to internalize what is taught in class. Hedden, Ketay, Aron, Markus, Gabrieli (2008) suggest that tthrough learning, the students is supposed to relate concepts learned in class to other life activities that take place within the environment that they stay in. learning theorists have argued that learning takes place through nurture and nature which entail conspicuous efforts exerted on the individual and activities that take place in the external environment respectively. According to Eggen Kauchak (2000) Piaget postulates that every interaction in an individuals life is based on cognitive structure that have slowly developed over time. Cognitive development theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how human beings slowly come to acquire, construct, and use knowledge. This essay focusses on the applicat ion of Piagets theory of cognitive development and Vygotskys theory of social interaction. Piagets theory of cognitive development is based on understand development in the mental process of an individual. According to him, minors construct the world around them, understand it through experience and later discover the differences between what they know and what they dont know to adjust ideas accordingly(Ojose, 2008). This leads to the development of an adaptive human intelligence with functions to represent transformational and static aspects of reality. When children grow up, they develop operative intelligence used for representation and manipulation of transformational aspects of reality and figurative intelligence for representation of reality. When studying the field of education, Piaget focused on assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is integrating external elements into the individuals life and environment or those activities that people experience. This is based on how humans perceive and adapt to new information and environments. This enables them to fit new information to their pre-existing cognitive schemas and interpreting new experiences(Ojose, 2008). Accommodation is based on taking new information that exists in the environment and altering the preexisting schemas to fit the new information. As times goes on and as individuals experience new things in life, the need for replacing the existing information with new information leads to accommodation(Bialystok, 2015). People will continue to interpret the information that they attain based on new concepts, schemas, and frameworks, among others. This led to the conclusion by Piaget that human brains are programmed through evolution which leads to equilibrium. This influences the structures in the minds of people through external and internal process of assimilation and accommodation. When applying Pagets theory in the classroom he suggests six steps that can be used to prepare and develop learners. The teacher needs to develop a stimulating environment that can allow learners to accommodate and assimilate new information that they get exposed to(Ormrod, 2012). Through use of concrete props and visual aids to improve learning and memorization the teacher ensures that students increase their memory an understanding of class concepts through using visual and concrete props. Students learn easily when different elements are used in the classroom set up rather than only the textbook like what Mr. Gino was using. Through introducing new ideas in teaching like a large board to celebrate results from outstanding students and learning centers for independent learning. Students could explore different learning options which would later increase their grades. Further, using visual adds made learning more stimulating which increased the grades and the ability for students to increase their abilities in reading, writing, speaking, listening and critical thinking. Further, Baek Hye-Jeong (2002) state that students have different learning abilities and memory levels, and thus the instructor needs to use short instructions to increase the comprehension levels of students. Some students have short memories while others have long memorize that can comprehend more. People memorize information in chunks and small amounts to make them remember the whole task. For example when memorizing mobile numbers, the memory can take two digits, three digits or four digits. This shows that people have different memories and thus breaking down instructions makes it easy for students to memorize what they learn. Through providing a wide range of experiences to build a foundation for concept learning and language Mr. Gino changed the perception that he was using to teach the students and make the class more stimulating. Students need to be challenged through different ways that can make them see the reason why they need to work hard in class. Motivation theorists suggests that rewards can be used to increase to increase individual output levels as a way of making them perform better. Learning theorists like classical conditioning are based changing the cognitive abilities of students through use of a stimuli that exposes different behaviors in students(Lantolf Thorne, 2006). Through display boards and an education al area for early finishers, students were motivated to compete as a way of making them perform better. This also allowed reluctant to be motivated and develop interests in learning. Lastly Pagets theory is based on the fact that students have different meanings and understanding for the world around them thus the need to allow students to understand the world from their own point of view. Hsu Hwang (2014) suggest that reorganizing the classroom created a new quality learning environment that through different range of methodologies that allow students to learn and understand the world around them in different ways. Creating different learning methodologies ensured that the class always created a learning environment that made students immersed in learning every time they are in class. The initial class that Mr. Gino had concentrated so much on the text book which lacked stimulation for the learners. Vygotsky theory is based on the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognitive abilities of students. The theory is based on the belief that the community plays an important role in the learning process of the individual when trying to make meaning out of learning. Learning is a necessary and universal process that takes place in peoples life to enable them develop universal cultural and human psychological function(Hsu Hwang, 2014). He argued that social learning precedes development, thus in a learning environment, development is a result of activities that the student goes through rather than the information that they acquire. In a learning environment, the way the teacher delivers the concepts to increase determines how the students capture the concepts and understand them. In a learning environment, the teacher needs to ensure that students are able to work together as teams through group wok and ways of helping each other in understanding learning(John- Steiner Mahn, 1996). The social cultural context of the individual affects their learning abilities and the way students interact with each other determines how they contribute to the cognitive development of the individual. Yasnitsky (2010) adds that by using guided learning, students develop language patterns increases their cognitive development after internalization of the language. The role of the tutor is to model behaviors by providing verbal instructions through cooperative or collaborative dialogue. On the other hand, students seek to understand the actions provided by their instructors to internalize information using two principles More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Vygotsky suggests that someone who has better understanding can enable a learner to develop new abilities through interaction. Phan, (2012) suggests that Zone of Proximal Development differentiates how an individual achieves alone and with the help and presence of others. Through the presence of peers or guidance of an instructor guidance is given to the students allowing them to develop skills that will use on their own after developing mental functions. Here leaning awakens an internal developmental processes that the learner operates in when in the presence of others. Once the learners have internalized all the processes of learning, the processes become part of the learners independent developmental achievement. The instructor and peers offer instruction and developmental that directly interact in a complex interrelationship. Therefore Vygotskys believed that learning takes place through the presence of others and an environment that is created by peers. The role of the teacher is to provide instructions and guidance to students to enable them learn and develop new ideas(Ellis, 2000). The difference between Mr. Ginos classes and Mrs. Van was that Mr. Gino based so much on the text rather than creating an environment that increased learning of students. However, Baek Hye-Jeong (2002) suggests that when new concepts like research centers with different activities that enabled students to interact, learning became interesting for learners since they had many opportunities to interact and connect with each other. This made students immersed in learning all the time. The most important aspect of learning according to the theory is supporting learners through peers or instruction. The new environment that was created fostered learners support to achieve intentional learning. Piagets theory of cognitive development and Vygotsky theory of social cultural development differ in several ways. Vygotsky theory suggests that cognitive approaches ascribe to language learning in different internal processes which are based on instruction that is a crucial element of learning. Through collaboration with others students develop modified interaction and negotiation of meaning of the environment around them. On the other hand, Pagets theory focusses on developing cognitive abilities of students through on assimilation and accommodation as a way of improving their learning(Eggen Kauchak, 2000). Learning environment should have different approaches for increasing cognitive development as way of developing operative intelligence for representation and manipulation of transformational aspects of reality and figurative intelligence for representation of reality. However, the two theories present a way of improving the learning environment by creating conditions that make learners easily internalize the concepts that they learn in class. References Baek, S.-G., Hye-Jeong, C. (2002). The relationship between students' perceptions of classroom environment and their academic achievement in Korea. Asia Pacific Education, 3(1), 135-145. Bialystok, E. ". (2015). Bilingualism And The Development Of Executive Function: The Role Of Attention. Child Development Perspectives, 9(2), 17-121. Eggen, P. D., Kauchak, D. P. (2000). Educational psychology:Windows on classrooms. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Ellis, R. (2000). Task-based research and language pedagogy. Language Teaching Research, 4(3), 193-220. Hedden, T., Ketay, S., Aron, A., Markus, H. R., Gabrieli, J. D. (2008). Cultural influences on neural substrates of attentional control. Psychological Science, 19(1), 12-17. Hsu, G., Hwang, W. (2014). The effect of intrapsychology learning before and after interpsychology activities with a web. Journal of Educational Technology Society,, 17(1), 231-233. John-Steiner, V., Mahn, H. (1996). Sociocultural Approaches to Learning and Development A Vygotskian Framework. Educational Psychologist, 31(3), 191-206. Lantolf, J., Thorne, S. (2006). Socio-cultural theory and the genesis of second language development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ojose, B. (2008). Applying Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development to Mathematics Instruction. The Mathematics Educator, 18(1), 2630. Ormrod, J. (2012). Essentials of Educational Psychology: Big Ideas to Guide Effective Teaching. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc. Phan, H. P. (2012). A sociocultural perspective of learning: Developing a new theoretical tenet. Joint AARE APERA International Conference, (pp. 1-14). Sydney. Yasnitsky, A. (2010). Archival revolution" in Vygotskian studies? Uncovering Vygotsky's archives. Journal of Russian East European Psychology, 48(1), 3-13.

Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky Essay Example For Students

Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky Essay Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky Glenn HardingColonel Oleg Vladmirovich PenkovskyColonel Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky is a name that doesnt ring a bell for most people.However, for many in the intelligence community this name is as about household as you can get.He is a legend in his own right.Those who lived during and through the Cuban missile crisis actually benefited from this mans activities.Colonel Penkovsky was a joint spy for the United States and England.He is often thought of as the highest ranking, most damaging person to spy on the Soviet Union.While most everybody is thankful for the information he provided there are questions to be brought to light.For example, why did such a devoted officer turn on his own country and spy for the west?What were the motives to keep him doing such a thing?To try to answer these various and complex inquiries one must start at the beginning. Oleg Penkovsky was born in a small town on the 23rd of April in 1919.By 1939 he had graduated from a Soviet military school and had been part of a group called Komosomol, meaning young communists.He also went to war serving as a unit commander of an artillery unit. Penkovsky was decorated four times during his 1939-1940 tour of duty.After that tour he was injured and spent most of his time doing various assignments that took him between Moscow and the Ukrainian front for the rest of the Second World War. When the war was over, Penkovsky attended two military academies.One of the academies was the Frunze Military Academy and the other was the Military Diplomatic Academy.By 1950 he had married a woman who was the daughter of a fairly important general in the Soviet army.At this time he was also promoted to the rank of Colonel and was a member of the Soviet military intelligence agency, also known as the GRU.He was given various foreign assignments, Ankara, Turkey being the last locatio n of these assignments (Richelson 274). While in Turkey Penkovsky was noticed by the British intelligence agency known as Military Intelligence department 6 (MI6), more precisely a man named Greville Maynard Wynne.Wynne felt that they could possibly use Penkovsky since he showed dissatisfaction in the Soviet Unions communist system of government (Volkman, Warriors 98).When Penkovsky returned to Moscow in 1956 his military career came to a screeching halt.By 1960 he had had enough and decided to take matters into his own hands (Richelson 275). On August 12, 1960, Colonel Oleg Penkovsky approached two Americans on a bridge.The two Americans were Elden Ray Cox and Henry Lee Cobb (Shecter, Deriabin 5). The two men were unsure about Penkovskys motives since they had been warned about how the KGB (Soviet intelligence agency) tried to entrap people for spying (Volkman, Spies 23). Cox decided to go to the U.S. embassy where the diplomat on duty looked at the information Penkovsky had handed over.There was a letter written by Penkovsky indicating his desire to provide the U.S. with vital information.The second item was a detailed description of how the CIA could contact him (Volkman, Spies 23).The information was dismissed as purely provocation from the KGB.This was believed to be the case on more than one occasion.He had tried to get the Canadian embassy as well as the U.S. embassy to listen to him.They were suspicious because of his impeccable record and he was too obvious about offering his services (Pincher, Too Secret 264).He did not fit the profile of a traitor.Eventually, England took notice of Colonel Penkovsky and felt that he was genuine.The CIA decided to join Englands secret service in a joint venture and see if Penkovsky was genuine. It was the before mentioned Greville Maynard Wynne who finally contacted Penkovsky.Greville Wynne was a businessman who was trying to make a business arrangement with the Soviet Union.He represented several companies involved in the steel and electrical machine making industry.Wynne was also a secret agent of the SIS (Secret Intelligence Service for England).More accurately he worked in the MI6 (Richelson 275).Secretly, Wynne had been conducting one of the most successful covert operations against the Soviet Union (Volkman, Warriors 99).Wynne set up a delegation from the Soviet Union to come to London to learn more about some of the companies he represented.Penkovsky was in this delegation that was bound for London (Richelson 276).Once in England, the delegation was kept busy by a rigorous schedule to tour several plants.While this was transpiring, Colonel Penkovsky was unloading vast amounts of information including 78 pages of confidential material (Richelson 275).Examples of the information include missile technology, construction areas, launch sites, and even information on GRU operatives stationed around the world (Volkman, Warriors 102). Initially the CIA and the SIS were both awestruck and suspicious of the information that they received.There were some who felt that Penkovsky knew too much and acquired information to effortlessly to be legitimate (Knightly 320).Eventually, Many of the doubts but not all about his bona fides faded in the light of one intelligence maxim.That maxim or fact was that he had to be a genuine based on the information he was providing.It was inconceivable that the Soviets would willingly give up this kind of delicate information just to get a plant in place.Eventually most everyone accepted Penkovsky as genuine because of this very fact (Knightly 320). For approximately three years Colonel Penkovsky provided some of the Soviet Unions most sensitive military secrets using a Minox camera (Costello 581).The camera used microfilm, which he would give to the west to decipher. At the debriefings Penkovsky provided the United States and England with over 140 hours of taped debriefing, roughly 1200 pages of transcripts from the debriefings, and at least 11 roles of microfilm.This operation produced approximately 10,000 pages of intelligence information (Richelson 278).Later on, the CIA produced the Penkovskys memoirs from these debriefing tapes (Pincher, Traitors 221). Hate Crimes EssayThere is much speculation about the motives that led Colonel Penkovsky to live the life he chose.One such theory is that Penkovsky was a KGB plant to serve the Soviets by providing the west with disinformation. By doing so would confuse both the United States and England.The disinformation would provide a sense of false trust in each countries own intelligence agencies.If the theory is correct, it can be used to explain a couple of issues.One issue is the fact that when Kennedy demanded that the Soviets pull out of Cuba, Kennedy also agreed not to invade Cuba.In the long run this agreement turns out to be more advantageous to the Soviets as well as Cuba.Even today Cuba is strategically important.Since Cuba is a communist nation they provided the Soviets a thorn in the side of the United States.Secondly, the disinformation may have possibly propagated the feeling that the United States had superiority in ICBM technology and numbers.This feeling may have proved false when the United States admitted to being behind in both of these two areas.These facts would seem to support this theory(Pincher 266).However these facts can possibly have other explanations. Kennedy may have agreed to not attacking Cuba to make it easier for Krushchev to back down with out looking weak.This would explain why Kennedy agreed to this condition. As for the United States being behind the Soviets in ICBM development, that could be explained as only a recent development.While the United States agreed to arms reductions the Soviets could have continued building up and surpassed the United States in numbers and technology. A second theory is that the Soviets provided Penkovsky in order to draw out an English spy with which the Soviets could bargain for the freedom of a well-known Russian spy.That spy was Gordon Lonsdale also known as Conon Molody.Lonsdale was a valuable agent with which the Soviets were pleased.They were willing to exchange a less important spy (Wynne) for Lonsdale.Greville Wynne had been imprisoned in the Soviet Union and was indeed traded in return for Gordon Lonsdale.This theory seems unlikely, since it would appear that the Soviets went through a lot of effort to convince the United States and England just to get an agent to trade.The Soviets would not give up that much valuable information just for the sake of one man (Knightly 315). Further speculation brings another idea to light.The idea that Penkovsky was a mere pawn in a game of high stakes diplomacy where the loser was Penkovsky.There may have been high-ranking Soviet officials that did not agree with Krushchev and all his boasting.They may have felt that he was leading them towards nuclear war with the United States.These same individuals could have made it easier for Penkovsky to get access to this information and allowed it to make it to the west where it could be used effectively.It would be a way for some in the Soviet government to pass the message to the United States that they did not want nuclear war and at the same time illustrate to not be united behind their leader, Nikita Krushchev (Knightly 325).Facts supporting this theory include the time at which Penkovsky was arrested, at the climax of the Cuban missile crisis.This could have been to give final proof that Penkovsky was real.Another supporting piece of information is the kind of information was both timely and the exact kind needed.A third point of evidence is in 1971 Richard Helms who was the director of the CIA at the time made a statement indicating that there were several persons in the Soviet government aided the Americans during the Cuban missile crisis (Knightly 326, 327).In this instance it purports that the information was indeed genuine and in a different sense, Penkovsky was real. The facts are simply this.Penkovsky volunteered himself as an MI6 mole with U.S. cooperation (Volkman, Warriors 209).He provided the west with vital information.Penkovsky fell under KGB suspicion and was soon after caught, arrested, tried, and convicted (Lloyd 106).He was then subsequently sentenced to die for treason against the Soviet Union.The theories presented are merely circumstantial, but the prevailing theory is that Penkovsky was most likely being used by a faction in the Soviet government to get a message to the west to prevent a nuclear war (Knightly 326).Even in light of all these facts, it does not in the least detract from the fact that Colonel Oleg Penkovsky was a truly brave man.Even if unwittingly used as some pawn, it was still Penkovsky, who took the risk to inform the United States as well as England of the vital information he had. As a mole behind the Iron Curtain he did this for a cause he deemed just and right.The outcome of this brave mans decision quite poss ibly saved millions upon millions of lives.He paid the ultimate price for this, his life.Colonel Oleg Vladmirovich Penkovsky was a true hero.